Unauthorized Access (College Board AP® Computer Science Principles): Study Guide
Social engineering and user-targeted attacks
What is social engineering?
Social engineering refers to attack methods that trick people into revealing information or taking actions that compromise security
Instead of breaking through technical defenses, social engineering exploits human trust, fear, urgency, or curiosity
The user, not the system, is the target
Phishing
Phishing is a common social engineering attack that uses disguised emails or websites to trick users into revealing personal information
Common phishing tactics:
Emails that appear to come from a trusted source (e.g., a bank, employer, or popular service)
Malicious links that look legitimate but lead to fake login pages designed to capture credentials
Unsolicited attachments that, when opened, install malware on the user's device
Urgent or threatening language designed to make the user act quickly without thinking
Once a victim enters their credentials on a fake page, the attacker can use them to access real accounts
Unsafe practices that enable attacks
Some attacks succeed because users make decisions that put their devices at risk:
Downloading software, files, or media from untrusted sources, which may contain malware
Clicking links in unexpected messages without verifying the source
Reusing the same password across multiple accounts
Ignoring security warnings from a browser or operating system
Awareness and cautious behavior are the most effective defenses against these attacks
Attack or practice | What happens | How to protect against it |
|---|---|---|
Phishing email | Disguised message tricks user into revealing credentials | Verify sender, do not click unexpected links, hover to inspect URLs |
Unsolicited attachment | Attached file installs malware when opened | Do not open attachments from unknown senders |
Untrusted downloads | Software from unverified sites contains malware | Download only from official or reputable sources |
Technical exploitation methods
What are technical exploitation methods?
Technical exploitation refers to attack methods that target weaknesses in hardware, software, or networks rather than tricking users directly
These attacks often happen without the user noticing, making them particularly difficult to defend against
Keylogging
Keylogging records every keystroke a user types on their device
Keyloggers can be installed as malware or, less commonly, as hardware attached to a device
Captured keystrokes often include sensitive credentials such as usernames, passwords, and payment information
The attacker reviews the recorded keystrokes to extract anything of value
Network interception
Data sent over public networks (e.g., open Wi-Fi in cafés or airports) can be intercepted by attackers connected to the same network
Once intercepted, data can be read or modified before reaching its intended destination
Rogue access points
A rogue access point is a Wi-Fi access point that appears legitimate but is actually controlled by an attacker
Users who connect to it are routed through the attacker's equipment, allowing the attacker to:
Monitor all data sent and received
Redirect users to fake versions of legitimate sites
Capture login credentials and other sensitive information
The risk is highest in public places where users expect free Wi-Fi to be available
Examiner Tips and Tricks
When an exam question describes a user being tricked into revealing information, the answer is usually a form of social engineering (most often phishing); when an attack succeeds without the user noticing, the answer is usually a technical exploitation method.
For the CPT, if your program asks users to provide credentials or personal information, you can mention in your written response how you would help users avoid phishing-style attacks (e.g., never asking for passwords by email).
Worked Example
A user connects to an open Wi-Fi network in a coffee shop. Unknown to them, the network is actually controlled by an attacker who can monitor and modify all data sent through it. Which of the following best describes this attack?
(A) Phishing
(B) Keylogging
(C) Rogue access point
(D) Multi-factor authentication
[1]
Answer:
(C) Rogue access point [1 mark]
The attacker has set up a Wi-Fi access point that appears legitimate so users will connect to it, allowing the attacker to intercept and modify all data sent through the network.
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