Risks to privacy (College Board AP® Computer Science Principles): Study Guide
Collecting and storing personal data
What is PII?
Personally identifiable information (PII) is information about an individual that identifies, links, relates, or describes them
Examples include:
Social Security number
Age and race
Phone numbers
Medical information
Financial information
Biometric data
PII is often collected by computing innovations without the user being fully aware of what is being recorded
How is data collected?
Computing devices collect data from users through:
Search engine history that records every query a user enters
Website tracking that records pages visited and time spent on each page
Device tracking that records hardware identifiers and IP addresses
Location tracking through GPS and connected Wi-Fi networks
App usage tracking that records which apps are opened, for how long, and what actions are taken inside them
How collected data benefits users
Collected data is often used to enhance the user experience in helpful ways:
Search engines provide suggestions based on past queries
Online stores offer product recommendations based on browsing and purchase history
Apps simplify purchases by remembering payment details
Targeted advertising shows content relevant to a user's interests
These conveniences explain why users often consent to data collection, even when the long-term risks are unclear
Privacy risks and persistence
How can collected data be misused?
The same data that provides convenience can be exploited when used in unintended ways:
Stalking: location data and social media activity reveal a person's daily patterns
Identity theft: stolen PII allows criminals to impersonate someone for financial gain
Crime: aggregated personal data sold to malicious actors enables fraud or harassment
Once data leaves the user's control, the person who originally collected it may not be the only party that ends up using it
Data aggregation and profiling
Aggregated data combines pieces of information from many sources to build a detailed profile of an individual
Even when each individual piece of data seems harmless, combining them often reveals far more than the user intended to share
Disparate personal data such as geolocation, cookies, and browsing history can be aggregated to create knowledge about an individual
Example: combining a person's search history, location data, and purchase records can reveal their health conditions, political beliefs, or relationships
Difficulty of deletion
Information posted online is difficult to delete once it has been shared
Reasons include:
Copies may be stored on multiple servers and backup systems
Other users may have copied, screenshotted, or downloaded the content
Search engines and archives may have indexed the data
Information placed online can be used in ways that were not intended, for example, emails may be forwarded, tweets can be retweeted, and social media posts can be viewed by potential employers years after posting
Privacy concern | What it is | Example |
|---|---|---|
Data exploitation | Collected data used in ways not originally intended | Location data sold to advertisers without user knowledge |
Aggregation | Combining data sources to build detailed profiles | Search history + purchases reveal personal preferences |
Persistence | Difficulty of removing data once shared online | Old social media posts remain accessible years after posting |
Examiner Tips and Tricks
Exam questions often distinguish between data that is harmless on its own and data that becomes sensitive when combined; remember that aggregation is what makes seemingly innocuous data reveal personal details.
For the CPT, if your program collects user data (even basic input like names or preferences), consider in your written response what would happen if that data were lost, stolen, or combined with other sources.
Worked Example
A weather app asks users to share their location to provide local forecasts. Later, the company that owns the app sells the collected location data to an advertising firm. Which of the following best describes this situation?
(A) The app is using strong encryption to protect users
(B) The collected data is being used in a way the user may not have originally intended
(C) The app has reduced the digital divide
(D) The app has eliminated all bias in its forecasts
[1]
Answer:
(B) The collected data is being used in a way the user may not have originally intended [1 mark]
The user shared their location to get weather forecasts, but the data is now being used for advertising, which is an unintended purpose and a key privacy risk identified in the CED.
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