What is the digital divide?
The split between desktop and mobile users
The difference between digital and analog signals
The gap between fast and slow processors
Differing access to computing devices and the Internet across different groups of people
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What is crowdsourcing?
Encrypting data before sending it over a network
Obtaining input or information from a large number of people, typically via the Internet
Restricting a project to a small in-house team
Removing bias from a dataset
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Which of the following best describes a cause of the digital divide?
Not everyone can afford the hardware or high-speed Internet needed to use computing
Everyone has equal access to modern computing devices
All regions are served by identical broadband infrastructure
Digital skills are evenly distributed across every group of people
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Besides owning hardware and having an Internet connection, what else is needed to use computing innovations effectively, so that its absence can contribute to the digital divide?
A faster processor
A larger monitor
The digital skills required to use computing innovations
More storage space
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Which of the following is an example of an organization acting to reduce the digital divide?
A person posting photos of their lunch on social media
A company encrypting the traffic to its website
A charity donating computers and offering training to underserved schools
A broadband provider raising the price of its service
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Computing innovations can reflect existing human biases in two main ways. What are these two sources of bias?
Faster and slower processors
Biased algorithms and biased data
Encryption and decryption
Hardware faults and software crashes
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A computing system can produce unfair outcomes for different groups even when its developers never intended to discriminate. Why is this possible?
Because encryption always eventually fails
Because a faster processor changes the results
Because bias can be embedded in the algorithm or the data without any deliberate intent
Because users deliberately choose unfair outcomes for themselves
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Volunteers around the world classify photographs of galaxies on a website to help astronomers analyse them. Which application of crowdsourcing does this best illustrate?
Citizen science
Encryption
Phishing
The digital divide
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Thousands of users contribute and edit entries in a community-maintained online encyclopedia. This best illustrates crowdsourcing being used to:
Encrypt shared data
Reduce the digital divide
Build a shared knowledge resource
Train the staff of a single office
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Which two factors contribute to the digital divide? Select two answers.
Socioeconomic status
The brand of a person's smartphone
Geographic location, such as living in a remote rural area
A person's typing speed
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A remote region has little broadband infrastructure, so residents struggle to access online education and submit job applications. This is an example of:
The digital divide limiting people's opportunities
Computing bias in an algorithm
A rogue access point attack
Crowdsourcing a solution
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A city government funds free public Wi-Fi and a device-lending scheme at its libraries. This decision most directly aims to:
Increase computing bias in local services
Reduce the digital divide by widening access to computing and the Internet
Strengthen the encryption of city websites
Launch a phishing campaign
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In which two ways can bias enter a computing innovation? Select two answers.
Through the clock speed of the processor
Through the logic of the algorithms that drive it
Through the colour scheme of the interface
Through the data used to train or operate it
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A voice assistant understands some regional accents far better than others because it was trained mostly on speakers from one region. This is an example of:
The digital divide
Strong encryption of user speech
Bias in the data used to train the system
Crowdsourcing
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A search-ranking system is deliberately written to push results from paying advertisers to the top, pushing others down. Which source of bias is this?
A phishing attack on users
Biased data, because the training data was incomplete
A hardware fault in the server
A biased algorithm, because its rules favour certain outcomes
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What is the best way for programmers to reduce bias in a computing system?
Use diverse, representative data and review and monitor the system before and after release
Train the system on data from a single group only
Release the system and never check it again
Hide the results from users
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A city asks residents to use an app to report potholes so it can prioritise which roads to repair first. Which computing concept does this best illustrate?
The digital divide
Encryption
Crowdsourcing
Multi-factor authentication
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Many individuals each contribute a small amount of money online to help fund a single new product. This form of crowdsourcing is called:
Phishing
Open access
Encryption
Crowdfunding
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Why might a research project choose to use crowdsourcing?
To gather far more data or reach a larger group than a small team could alone
To make sure only one person contributes to the project
To encrypt the project's data automatically
To guarantee the data contains no bias
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A national government funds the installation of broadband cables in remote regions that previously had none. This decision most directly addresses which cause of the digital divide?
A lack of digital skills among residents
The cost of computing hardware
A shortage of available software applications
Limited Internet infrastructure in certain locations
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Two neighborhoods have the same broadband coverage, yet families in the wealthier neighborhood own more devices and use online services far more often. This difference is best explained by which factor of the digital divide?
Processor clock speed
Socioeconomic status
The brand of router each family uses
The color of the families' devices
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People with reliable Internet and modern devices have more opportunity to shape political discussion and online communities than people without them. Which issue raised by the digital divide does this describe?
Influence
Encryption
Redundancy
Latency
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A medical diagnosis system is trained almost entirely on data from patients of one ethnic group and later performs less accurately for patients of other groups. What is the most likely cause of this unfair outcome?
A biased algorithm whose rules were deliberately written to discriminate
A hardware fault in the hospital's servers
Weak encryption of the medical records
Bias in the training data, which over-represented one group
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A loan-approval algorithm is written so that it weights an applicant's zip code very heavily, causing people from certain neighborhoods to be rejected more often. Which source of bias does this describe?
A biased algorithm, because its rules favour certain outcomes
Biased data, because the applicants gave false information
The digital divide
Crowdsourcing
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At which stage of development can bias enter a computing innovation?
Only during the initial design stage
At any stage, from initial design through testing and deployment
Only after the product has been released
Only while the user manual is being written
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A company posts a difficult logistics problem online and offers a cash prize to whoever submits the best algorithm to solve it. Which application of crowdsourcing is this?
Crowdfunding
A problem-solving challenge
Citizen science
Multi-factor authentication
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How does widespread access to information and public data support crowdsourcing?
It makes it easier to identify problems, develop solutions, and share results among many contributors
It guarantees that every contribution submitted is accurate
It removes the need for contributors to have an Internet connection
It prevents anyone outside a single company from contributing
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A team wants to reduce the chance that their new image-tagging system is biased. Consider the following actions.
I. Train the system on diverse, representative data
II. Review the algorithm for unintended outcomes before release
III. Monitor the system after release as data and use cases change
Which of these actions follow good practice for reducing bias?
I only
II only
I and II only
I, II, and III
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What key feature of crowdsourcing allows it to tackle problems that are too large or complex for any single individual or organization to solve alone?
It runs programs on faster processors
It encrypts every contribution automatically
It restricts input to a small, in-house expert team
It combines input from very large numbers of people, often worldwide, through the Internet
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A researcher finds that although crowdsourcing gathered a huge amount of wildlife data very quickly, some of the submissions were mislabeled. What does this best show about crowdsourcing?
Crowdsourcing always produces perfectly accurate data
Crowdsourcing can only ever be used to raise money
Crowdsourcing can gather data at large scale, but the input may still need checking for quality
Crowdsourcing prevents members of the public from contributing
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