4.2 Water Access, Use & Security (DP IB Environmental Systems & Societies (ESS): SL): Flashcards
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Define water security.
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Cards in this collection (39)
Define water security.
Water security is having access to sufficient amounts of safe drinking water.
Define equitable access to water.
Equitable access is how fairly water access is distributed between societies.
Which country's rapidly growing population is placing strain on its water resources?
India's rapidly growing population is placing strain on its water resources.
What is most of the water taken from Egypt's Nile River used for?
Most of the water taken from Egypt's Nile River is used for irrigation.
What does South Africa's National Water Act aim to ensure?
South Africa's National Water Act aims to ensure equitable water access for current and future generations.
What is the Nile Basin Initiative?
The Nile Basin Initiative is an agreement in which multiple countries cooperate to manage the Nile River's water resources.
True or False?
Mountainous regions generally have poorer access to fresh water than flat, low-lying areas.
False.
Mountainous regions generally have better access to fresh water, due to higher precipitation and natural reservoirs such as glaciers and snowpack.
In parts of the USA, despite ongoing droughts, water usage remains high due to a lack of efforts.
In parts of the USA, despite ongoing droughts, water usage remains high due to a lack of conservation efforts.
Which five categories of factors affect the availability of and equitable access to freshwater?
Social, cultural, economic, political and geographical factors affect the availability of and equitable access to freshwater.
True or False?
Developed countries such as the USA generally use less water per capita than developing countries.
False.
Developed countries such as the USA generally use more water per capita than developing countries, due to higher living standards.
What geographical characteristics give a region naturally abundant freshwater resources?
Proximity to large rivers or lakes, and high rainfall, give a region naturally abundant freshwater resources.
Investing in water treatment facilities ensures a better supply of safe water.
Investing in water treatment facilities ensures a better supply of safe drinking water.
Define desalination.
Desalination is the process of removing salt and minerals from seawater to produce freshwater.
Define artificial recharge of aquifers.
Artificial recharge is directing surface water into the ground to replenish and increase groundwater supplies in aquifers.
Which USA dam creates Lake Mead, supplying water to several states and generating hydroelectric power?
The Hoover Dam creates Lake Mead, supplying water to several states and generating hydroelectric power.
Which desalination plant provides a significant portion of Dubai's water supply?
The Jebel Ali Desalination Plant provides a significant portion of Dubai's water supply.
Which Indian city uses rooftop rainwater harvesting to help tackle water scarcity?
Chennai, India uses rooftop rainwater harvesting to help tackle water scarcity.
True or False?
Israel's advanced drip irrigation technology is a water-intensive irrigation method.
False.
Israel's drip irrigation technology is a highly efficient method that maximises water use and reduces wastage in agriculture.
What is Singapore's NEWater project?
Singapore's NEWater project treats and reuses wastewater, reducing reliance on imported water.
Which USA wetland ecosystem is being restored to enhance water flow and quality?
The Everglades in Florida, USA are being restored to enhance water flow and quality.
What does the Central Arizona Project do?
The Central Arizona Project redistributes water from the Colorado River to arid regions of Arizona.
True or False?
Water redistribution systems such as canals and pipelines typically transfer water from water-scarce regions to water-rich regions.
False.
Redistribution systems typically transfer water from water-rich regions to areas experiencing scarcity.
In California, USA, managed aquifer recharge projects help counteract over-extraction of .
In California, USA, managed aquifer recharge projects help counteract over-extraction of groundwater.
Sustainable management of freshwater resources requires a of strategies to enhance water supplies.
Sustainable management of freshwater resources requires a combination of strategies to enhance water supplies.
What does enhancing natural wetlands help to achieve?
Enhancing natural wetlands improves their ability to act as natural filters, removing pollutants and aiding groundwater recharge.
Define physical water scarcity.
Physical water scarcity is where demand for water outstrips supply, often due to an arid climate and low rainfall.
Define economic water scarcity.
Economic water scarcity is where water is available but people cannot afford it or the infrastructure is inadequate.
Approximately how many people live in areas of water scarcity worldwide?
Around 1.2 billion people live in areas of water scarcity worldwide.
Approximately how many people in low income countries (LICs) suffer from severe water shortages?
Around 450 million people in LICs suffer from severe water shortages.
What is greywater recycling?
Greywater recycling captures and treats greywater for reuse in non-potable applications, such as toilet flushing or outdoor irrigation.
What is an aquaponics system?
An aquaponics system is a closed-loop system that combines fish farming with hydroponic plant cultivation, recycling water between fish tanks and plant beds.
True or False?
Agricultural drip irrigation increases evaporation and surface run-off compared to other irrigation methods.
False.
Drip irrigation delivers water directly to crop roots, minimising evaporation and surface run-off.
Switching to food production reduces the significant water usage associated with livestock farming.
Switching to vegetarian food production reduces the significant water usage associated with livestock farming.
What percentage of Sydney's drinking water can the Sydney Desalination Plant supply?
The Sydney Desalination Plant can supply up to 15% of Sydney's drinking water.
True or False?
The Perth Desalination Plant is one of the smallest desalination plants in the Southern Hemisphere.
False.
The Perth Desalination Plant is one of the largest desalination plants in the Southern Hemisphere, meeting about half of Perth's water needs.
What does water trading in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin allow?
Water trading in the Murray-Darling Basin allows users to buy and sell water allocations, helping allocate water more efficiently during droughts.
What is the aim of Victoria's 'Target 155' campaign?
Victoria's 'Target 155' campaign encourages residents to limit their water use to 155 litres per person per day.
In some Australian cities, a separate ' pipe' system delivers recycled water for non-potable uses such as irrigation and toilet flushing.
In some Australian cities, a separate 'purple pipe' system delivers recycled water for non-potable uses such as irrigation and toilet flushing.
What does Queensland's Western Corridor Recycled Water Scheme do?
Queensland's Western Corridor Recycled Water Scheme treats and purifies wastewater to a standard suitable for industrial use, and can supplement drinking water supplies when needed.
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