Define an urban area .

An urban area is a built-up area with a high population density, buildings and infrastructure.

Define an urban ecosystem .

An urban ecosystem is a unique environment within a city or town where human activities interact with natural elements such as plants, animals and climate.

Define urban resilience .

Urban resilience is a city's ability to recover from challenges such as natural disasters, climate change or economic crises.

Define a linear metabolism city.

A linear metabolism city follows a 'take, use, dispose' approach, where resources are used once and then discarded as waste.

Define a circular metabolism city.

A circular metabolism city focuses on recycling, reusing and reducing waste, creating a closed-loop system where outputs are reused as inputs.

What is the urban heat island effect?

The urban heat island effect is where cities become warmer than surrounding rural areas due to the high concentration of human activity and infrastructure.

True or False? Urban ecosystems contain only biotic components, such as plants and animals.

False. Urban ecosystems contain both biotic components, like plants and animals, and abiotic components, like soil, water and infrastructure.

Which named UK city is used as an example of a large urban area with dense population and cultural hubs?

London , UK, is used as an example of a large urban area with dense population, infrastructure and cultural hubs.

After which 2005 hurricane did New Orleans, USA, improve its flood defences and infrastructure?

After Hurricane Katrina (2005) , New Orleans, USA, improved its flood defences and urban infrastructure.

In an urban system flow diagram, processed inputs generate outputs such as solid waste, pollution and .

In an urban system flow diagram, processed inputs generate outputs such as solid waste, pollution and sewage .

Which part of London's transport system helps reduce road traffic congestion?

London's Underground helps reduce road traffic congestion.

True or False? Cemeteries can act as biodiversity hotspots within urban areas.

True. Cemeteries are often quiet, green spaces that support a wide range of plant and animal life, acting as biodiversity hotspots .

What does urban efficiency refer to?

Urban efficiency refers to how well a city uses its resources, including energy, water and transport systems.

Define urbanisation .

Urbanisation is the process where a growing proportion of a country's population moves from rural areas to urban areas.

Define rural-urban migration .

Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside to cities in search of better living conditions, jobs or safety.

Define deurbanisation .

Deurbanisation is the process where people move out of cities and back to rural or suburban areas.

Define push factors of migration.

Push factors are the reasons people leave rural areas, such as poverty, poor living conditions or natural disasters.

Define pull factors of migration.

Pull factors are the attractions of urban areas that draw people to move there, such as job opportunities and improved living conditions.

According to the World Bank, what percentage of the world's population now live in towns and cities?

According to the World Bank, 56% of the world's population now live in towns and cities.

True or False? Forced migration occurs when people choose to move to cities for better opportunities.

False. That describes voluntary migration ; forced migration occurs when people are pushed into cities by circumstances like war, famine or natural disasters.

Refugees fleeing conflict in which country have moved to urban areas in Turkey and Jordan?

Refugees fleeing conflict in Syria have moved to urban areas in nearby countries such as Turkey and Jordan.

True or False? Developed countries such as the UK typically have high urbanisation levels but low urban growth rates.

True. Developed countries have high levels of urbanisation but low growth rates, as their towns and cities are already in place.

Rural-urban migration in China has driven massive growth in which named cities?

Rural-urban migration in China has driven massive growth in cities such as Shenzhen and Beijing .

The rise of remote working has contributed to deurbanisation, as people can live in rural areas while working for companies.

The rise of remote working has contributed to deurbanisation, as people can live in rural areas while working for urban companies.

Is rural-urban migration typically internal or international migration?

Rural-urban migration is mostly internal migration, occurring within a country.

In 2009, the global population overtook the rural population for the first time.

In 2009, the global urban population overtook the rural population for the first time.

Define suburbanisation .

Suburbanisation is the process where people move from the dense central parts of cities to less dense, peripheral suburban areas.

Define urban sprawl .

Urban sprawl is the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land, creating spread-out developments.

What housing-cost factor pushes people to move from cities to suburbs?

Rising urban housing costs push people to move to more affordable suburbs.

True or False? Urban sprawl typically reduces car dependency.

False. Urban sprawl typically leads to longer commutes and greater car dependency .

Which named Chinese city has seen rapid urbanisation consume large areas of farmland, raising food security concerns?

Beijing , China, has seen rapid urbanisation consume large areas of farmland, raising food security concerns.

Growth of which Brazilian city has resulted in destruction of parts of the Amazon rainforest?

Growth of São Paulo , Brazil, has resulted in destruction of parts of the Amazon rainforest.

Urban sprawl in Florida, USA, has reduced the size of which important wetland ecosystem?

Urban sprawl in Florida, USA, has reduced the size of the Everglades .

Which major Indian river suffers severe pollution due to urban growth and industrial waste?

The Ganges River in India suffers severe pollution due to urban growth and industrial waste.

Rapid growth of which US city has strained the Colorado River, leading to water shortages?

Rapid growth of Las Vegas , USA, has strained the Colorado River, leading to water shortages.

True or False? Mexico City is known for having high levels of smog due to urban expansion and traffic congestion.

True. Mexico City is known for high levels of smog and poor air quality due to urban expansion and traffic congestion.

Urban surfaces such as buildings and roads absorb and retain more heat than natural landscapes, creating urban heat .

Urban surfaces such as buildings and roads absorb and retain more heat than natural landscapes, creating urban heat islands .

People often move to the suburbs in search of larger homes, green spaces and living conditions.

People often move to the suburbs in search of larger homes, green spaces and better living conditions.

What perception of suburbs, compared to crowded city centres, often attracts families?

Suburbs are often perceived as safer, quieter and better for raising families than crowded city centres.

Define urban planning .

Urban planning is the process of designing how land and buildings in a city are used to meet the needs of the population.

Define ecological urban planning .

Ecological urban planning treats a city as an ecosystem, considering the interactions between its biotic and abiotic components.

Define biophilic design .

Biophilic design brings nature into the built environment by incorporating natural elements such as green walls and rooftop gardens into architecture.

Define regenerative architecture .

Regenerative architecture aims not only to reduce environmental harm but to actively improve the environment.

Which named building complex in Milan, Italy, is covered in trees and plants to improve air quality and biodiversity?

The Bosco Verticale in Milan, Italy, is covered in trees and plants to improve air quality and biodiversity.

Which named European city has reduced car use by focusing on bicycle lanes and public transport?

Copenhagen , Denmark, has reduced car use by focusing on bicycle lanes and public transport.

Which named city was designed with a large linear park running down its centre?

Brasilia , the capital of Brazil, was designed with a large linear park running down its centre.

In which named city do waste-to-energy plants help recycle waste while producing energy for the city?

In Singapore , waste-to-energy plants help recycle waste while producing energy for the city.

Which named city uses grey water to irrigate its green spaces?

Dubai uses grey water to irrigate its green spaces, conserving fresh water resources.

True or False? In flood-prone areas of the Netherlands, some homes are built to float on water.

True. In flood-prone areas of the Netherlands , some homes are built to float on water, adjusting to rising and falling water levels.

Bio-digesters use organic waste to produce , a renewable energy source.

Bio-digesters use organic waste to produce biogas , a renewable energy source.

New York City has community gardens and rooftop farms that supply fresh to local residents.

New York City has community gardens and rooftop farms that supply fresh produce to local residents.

IBEnvironmental Systems & Societies (ESS)DPSLFlashcards8. Human Populations & Urban Systems8.2 Urban Systems & Urban Planning

8.2 Urban Systems & Urban Planning (DP IB Environmental Systems & Societies (ESS): SL): Flashcards

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Cards in this collection (52)

Define an urban area.
An urban area is a built-up area with a high population density, buildings and infrastructure.
Define an urban ecosystem.
An urban ecosystem is a unique environment within a city or town where human activities interact with natural elements such as plants, animals and climate.
Define urban resilience.
Urban resilience is a city's ability to recover from challenges such as natural disasters, climate change or economic crises.
Define a linear metabolism city.
A linear metabolism city follows a 'take, use, dispose' approach, where resources are used once and then discarded as waste.
Define a circular metabolism city.
A circular metabolism city focuses on recycling, reusing and reducing waste, creating a closed-loop system where outputs are reused as inputs.
What is the urban heat island effect?
The urban heat island effect is where cities become warmer than surrounding rural areas due to the high concentration of human activity and infrastructure.
True or False?
Urban ecosystems contain only biotic components, such as plants and animals.
False.
Urban ecosystems contain both biotic components, like plants and animals, and abiotic components, like soil, water and infrastructure.
Which named UK city is used as an example of a large urban area with dense population and cultural hubs?
London, UK, is used as an example of a large urban area with dense population, infrastructure and cultural hubs.
After which 2005 hurricane did New Orleans, USA, improve its flood defences and infrastructure?
After Hurricane Katrina (2005), New Orleans, USA, improved its flood defences and urban infrastructure.
In an urban system flow diagram, processed inputs generate outputs such as solid waste, pollution and .
In an urban system flow diagram, processed inputs generate outputs such as solid waste, pollution and sewage.
Which part of London's transport system helps reduce road traffic congestion?
London's Underground helps reduce road traffic congestion.
True or False?
Cemeteries can act as biodiversity hotspots within urban areas.
True.
Cemeteries are often quiet, green spaces that support a wide range of plant and animal life, acting as biodiversity hotspots.
What does urban efficiency refer to?
Urban efficiency refers to how well a city uses its resources, including energy, water and transport systems.
Define urbanisation.
Urbanisation is the process where a growing proportion of a country's population moves from rural areas to urban areas.
Define rural-urban migration.
Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside to cities in search of better living conditions, jobs or safety.
Define deurbanisation.
Deurbanisation is the process where people move out of cities and back to rural or suburban areas.
Define push factors of migration.
Push factors are the reasons people leave rural areas, such as poverty, poor living conditions or natural disasters.
Define pull factors of migration.
Pull factors are the attractions of urban areas that draw people to move there, such as job opportunities and improved living conditions.
According to the World Bank, what percentage of the world's population now live in towns and cities?
According to the World Bank, 56% of the world's population now live in towns and cities.
True or False?
Forced migration occurs when people choose to move to cities for better opportunities.
False.
That describes voluntary migration; forced migration occurs when people are pushed into cities by circumstances like war, famine or natural disasters.
Refugees fleeing conflict in which country have moved to urban areas in Turkey and Jordan?
Refugees fleeing conflict in Syria have moved to urban areas in nearby countries such as Turkey and Jordan.
True or False?
Developed countries such as the UK typically have high urbanisation levels but low urban growth rates.
True.
Developed countries have high levels of urbanisation but low growth rates, as their towns and cities are already in place.
Rural-urban migration in China has driven massive growth in which named cities?
Rural-urban migration in China has driven massive growth in cities such as Shenzhen and Beijing.
The rise of remote working has contributed to deurbanisation, as people can live in rural areas while working for companies.
The rise of remote working has contributed to deurbanisation, as people can live in rural areas while working for urban companies.
Is rural-urban migration typically internal or international migration?
Rural-urban migration is mostly internal migration, occurring within a country.
In 2009, the global population overtook the rural population for the first time.
In 2009, the global urban population overtook the rural population for the first time.
Define suburbanisation.
Suburbanisation is the process where people move from the dense central parts of cities to less dense, peripheral suburban areas.
Define urban sprawl.
Urban sprawl is the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land, creating spread-out developments.
What housing-cost factor pushes people to move from cities to suburbs?
Rising urban housing costs push people to move to more affordable suburbs.
True or False?
Urban sprawl typically reduces car dependency.
False.
Urban sprawl typically leads to longer commutes and greater car dependency.
Which named Chinese city has seen rapid urbanisation consume large areas of farmland, raising food security concerns?
Beijing, China, has seen rapid urbanisation consume large areas of farmland, raising food security concerns.
Growth of which Brazilian city has resulted in destruction of parts of the Amazon rainforest?
Growth of São Paulo, Brazil, has resulted in destruction of parts of the Amazon rainforest.
Urban sprawl in Florida, USA, has reduced the size of which important wetland ecosystem?
Urban sprawl in Florida, USA, has reduced the size of the Everglades.
Which major Indian river suffers severe pollution due to urban growth and industrial waste?
The Ganges River in India suffers severe pollution due to urban growth and industrial waste.
Rapid growth of which US city has strained the Colorado River, leading to water shortages?
Rapid growth of Las Vegas, USA, has strained the Colorado River, leading to water shortages.
True or False?
Mexico City is known for having high levels of smog due to urban expansion and traffic congestion.
True.
Mexico City is known for high levels of smog and poor air quality due to urban expansion and traffic congestion.
Urban surfaces such as buildings and roads absorb and retain more heat than natural landscapes, creating urban heat .
Urban surfaces such as buildings and roads absorb and retain more heat than natural landscapes, creating urban heat islands.
People often move to the suburbs in search of larger homes, green spaces and living conditions.
People often move to the suburbs in search of larger homes, green spaces and better living conditions.
What perception of suburbs, compared to crowded city centres, often attracts families?
Suburbs are often perceived as safer, quieter and better for raising families than crowded city centres.
Define urban planning.
Urban planning is the process of designing how land and buildings in a city are used to meet the needs of the population.
Define ecological urban planning.
Ecological urban planning treats a city as an ecosystem, considering the interactions between its biotic and abiotic components.
Define biophilic design.
Biophilic design brings nature into the built environment by incorporating natural elements such as green walls and rooftop gardens into architecture.
Define regenerative architecture.
Regenerative architecture aims not only to reduce environmental harm but to actively improve the environment.
Which named building complex in Milan, Italy, is covered in trees and plants to improve air quality and biodiversity?
The Bosco Verticale in Milan, Italy, is covered in trees and plants to improve air quality and biodiversity.
Which named European city has reduced car use by focusing on bicycle lanes and public transport?
Copenhagen, Denmark, has reduced car use by focusing on bicycle lanes and public transport.
Which named city was designed with a large linear park running down its centre?
Brasilia, the capital of Brazil, was designed with a large linear park running down its centre.
In which named city do waste-to-energy plants help recycle waste while producing energy for the city?
In Singapore, waste-to-energy plants help recycle waste while producing energy for the city.
Which named city uses grey water to irrigate its green spaces?
Dubai uses grey water to irrigate its green spaces, conserving fresh water resources.
True or False?
In flood-prone areas of the Netherlands, some homes are built to float on water.
True.
In flood-prone areas of the Netherlands, some homes are built to float on water, adjusting to rising and falling water levels.
Bio-digesters use organic waste to produce , a renewable energy source.
Bio-digesters use organic waste to produce biogas, a renewable energy source.
New York City has community gardens and rooftop farms that supply fresh to local residents.
New York City has community gardens and rooftop farms that supply fresh produce to local residents.
True or False?
San Francisco has invested in electric vehicle charging stations to encourage cleaner transport energy.
True.
San Francisco, USA, has invested in electric vehicle (EV) charging stations to encourage the use of cleaner energy for transportation.

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