1.1 Perspectives (DP IB Environmental Systems & Societies (ESS): SL): Flashcards
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Define perspective.
A perspective is how a particular situation is viewed and understood by an individual.
What two types of assumptions, values and beliefs is a perspective based on?
A perspective is based on a mix of personal and collective assumptions, values and beliefs.
Perspectives are informed and justified by sociocultural norms, scientific understanding, laws, religion, economic conditions, local/global events and lived .
Perspectives are informed and justified by sociocultural norms, scientific understanding, laws, religion, economic conditions, local/global events and lived experience.
True or False?
A perspective is fixed and cannot change once formed.
False.
Perspectives are not fixed and can evolve over time as individuals gain new experiences and insights.
Name two factors that can cause perspectives on climate change to differ between individuals.
Perspectives on climate change can differ due to factors such as education and political beliefs.
What might someone with a human-based environmental perspective prioritise?
Someone with a human-based perspective prioritises human interests and well-being, supporting conservation measures that directly benefit humans, such as clean water initiatives.
What might someone with an environmentalist perspective prioritise, even without direct human benefit?
Someone with an environmentalist perspective values the intrinsic worth of nature, prioritising biodiversity conservation and ecosystem health.
Define collectivist perspective.
A collectivist perspective prioritises the well-being of the community over individual rights.
Define individualistic perspective.
An individualistic perspective emphasises personal responsibility and freedom of choice.
What is the key difference between a perspective and an argument?
A perspective is a viewpoint based on assumptions, values and beliefs, whereas an argument is a reasoned explanation used to support or challenge a perspective.
True or False?
Arguments can only be used to defend a personally held perspective, never to challenge an opposing one.
False.
Arguments can be constructed to defend a held perspective or to criticise and counter an opposing one.
Define value.
A value is a quality or principle that people feel has worth and importance in life, guiding their behaviours, attitudes and decisions.
State two values that guide human behaviour, attitudes and decisions.
Two values that guide behaviour are honesty and fairness.
How can an organisation's values be seen in practice?
An organisation's values are seen through its advertisements, media, policies and decisions.
How does Patagonia demonstrate a value of environmental stewardship?
Patagonia demonstrates environmental stewardship by donating a portion of its profits to environmental causes.
True or False?
Different values held by individuals or organisations never lead to tension or conflict.
False.
Conflicts can arise when important values clash, such as between free self-expression and respecting different cultures.
Define value survey.
A value survey investigates the perspectives shown by a particular social group towards environmental issues.
What must an effective environmental value survey take into account?
An effective value survey takes different viewpoints into account and considers the whole range of opinions within a group.
Why are closed-ended questions useful in a value survey?
Closed-ended questions provide a fixed set of options, making responses easy to quantify and analyse statistically.
Repeating value surveys over time produces a graph, which shows changes in behaviours or lifestyles.
Repeating value surveys over time produces a behaviour-time graph, which shows changes in behaviours or lifestyles.
What can behaviour-time graphs be used to evaluate?
Behaviour-time graphs can be used to monitor progress towards sustainability goals and evaluate the effectiveness of environmental initiatives.
True or False?
Open-ended questions in a value survey are generally easier to analyse statistically than closed-ended questions.
False.
Open-ended questions are more difficult to analyse than closed-ended questions, though they can give more detailed insight.
Define worldview.
A worldview is the lens shared by a group of people through which they perceive, make sense of and act within their environment.
Name three factors that shape a person's worldview.
Worldviews are shaped by factors such as culture, religion and politics.
How do worldviews differ from perspectives?
Worldviews are broader, deeper sets of beliefs and ideologies, while perspectives are more specific, immediate viewpoints on particular issues.
True or False?
Exposure to the internet and social media has reduced the range of worldviews individuals encounter.
False.
The internet and social media have increased exposure to a wide range of worldviews beyond a person's local community.
Define environmental value system (EVS).
An environmental value system (EVS) is the way an individual or group perceives the environment and the resources it provides.
Name three factors that act as inputs into a person's environmental value system.
Inputs into an EVS include cultural, religious and economic factors.
Environmental value systems are broadly divided into three categories: ecocentrism, anthropocentrism and .
Environmental value systems are broadly divided into three categories: ecocentrism, anthropocentrism and technocentrism.
What does an ecocentric environmental value system prioritise?
Ecocentrism prioritises the intrinsic value of nature over human needs and interests.
What does an anthropocentric environmental value system prioritise?
Anthropocentrism places human beings at the centre, prioritising human needs over other living things and the environment.
What does a technocentric environmental value system rely on to solve environmental problems?
Technocentrism relies on technology and human ingenuity to overcome environmental problems.
True or False?
An anthropocentric approach always results in sustainable management of global systems.
False.
In reality, anthropocentrism often results in unsustainable practices such as overexploitation and pollution.
Give one disadvantage of an ecocentric approach to environmental management.
One disadvantage of ecocentrism is that conservation can be expensive, often with no immediate economic return.
Define the environmental movement.
The environmental movement is humanity's growing awareness of environmental damage and the importance of conserving it.
True or False?
Environmental perspectives stay the same over time in all societies.
False.
Environmental perspectives shift and change over time, often influenced by government or NGO campaigns or social change.
Which UK legislation, passed in 1956, was an early response to pollution?
The Clean Air Act (1956) was an early UK initiative highlighting pollution issues.
Name the two NGOs founded around 1970 that spearheaded early anti-pollution campaigns.
Greenpeace (1971) and Friends of the Earth (1969) spearheaded early campaigns raising awareness of pollution.
Which 1962 book by Rachel Carson raised awareness of the dangers of pesticide use?
Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring (1962) outlined the harmful effects of the pesticide DDT, raising awareness of pollution.
Which international agreement, reached in 1997, committed states to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
The Kyoto Protocol (1997) committed state parties to reduce emissions such as carbon dioxide and methane.
What temperature target did the 2015 Paris Agreement set for global average warming?
The Paris Agreement (2015) aimed to hold the rise in global average temperature to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.
The 1986 nuclear meltdown at in Soviet Ukraine caused radioactive fallout and the evacuation of 336,000 people.
The 1986 nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl in Soviet Ukraine caused radioactive fallout and the evacuation of 336,000 people.
Which 1984 industrial disaster in India released toxic gas, killing thousands?
The Bhopal disaster (1984) in India released toxic methyl isocyanate gas that killed thousands of people.
Who founded the Green Belt Movement, promoting tree planting and conservation?
Wangari Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement, mobilising grassroots conservation activism.
Which activist led global youth strikes for climate action?
Greta Thunberg led global youth strikes for climate action, urging policymakers towards urgent action.
True or False?
Behaviour-time graphs can show trends such as declining smoking rates following anti-smoking campaigns.
True.
Behaviour-time graphs illustrate how behaviours such as smoking rates change over time in response to campaigns like the UK's Stoptober.
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