8.1 Human Populations (DP IB Environmental Systems & Societies (ESS): SL): Flashcards
0Still learning
Know0
Define crude birth rate (CBR).
Was this flashcard helpful?
Cards in this collection (39)
Define crude birth rate (CBR).
The crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year.
Define crude death rate (CDR).
The crude death rate (CDR) is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.
Define total fertility rate (TFR).
The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime, based on current age-specific fertility rates.
Define doubling time (DT).
Doubling time (DT) is the number of years it would take a population to double in size, based on its current growth rate.
Define natural increase rate (NIR).
The natural increase rate (NIR) is the difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate, usually expressed as a percentage.
Doubling time is calculated using the 'rule of ', dividing that number by the population growth rate.
Doubling time is calculated using the 'rule of 70', dividing that number by the population growth rate.
True or False?
Immigration and births are outputs from a human population.
False.
Births and immigration are inputs to a population; deaths and emigration are outputs.
Approximately what was the world population in 1800?
The world population in 1800 was about 1 billion.
In which UN projection scenario is the global population expected to reach around 9.7 billion by 2100?
In the UN's medium-fertility scenario, the global population is projected to reach around 9.7 billion by 2100.
True or False?
Japan's total population is currently in decline.
True.
Japan is an example of a developed country whose total population is in decline as its growth rate has fallen.
In which type of countries does the fastest population growth occur today?
The fastest population growth today occurs in developing countries that are rapidly industrialising.
From 10 000 BCE to 1700 CE, the average global population growth rate was just % per year.
From 10 000 BCE to 1700 CE, the average global population growth rate was just 0.04% per year.
Which three factors drove rapid global population growth by reducing death rates since the mid-18th century?
Improvements in medicine, agriculture and technology drove rapid population growth by reducing death rates.
Define anti-natalist policies.
Anti-natalist policies aim to reduce birth rates, typically in countries facing overpopulation.
Define pro-natalist policies.
Pro-natalist policies encourage an increase in birth rates, typically in countries with low or negative population growth.
Define brain drain.
Brain drain is the loss of skilled workers from a country as a result of emigration.
Which Chinese policy, introduced in 1979, aimed to slow population growth by limiting families to one child?
China's One-Child Policy, introduced in 1979, aimed to slow population growth by limiting families to one child.
Which Vietnamese anti-natalist policy from the 1980s used financial penalties and incentives to limit family size?
Vietnam's Two-Child Policy, introduced in the 1980s, used financial penalties and incentives to limit family size.
Which French pro-natalist policy, introduced in 1939, offers cash bonuses and subsidised childcare to encourage larger families?
France's Code de la Famille, introduced in 1939, offers cash bonuses, paid parental leave and subsidised childcare.
Which country offers up to 480 days of shared parental leave to support family growth?
Sweden offers up to 480 days of shared parental leave to support family growth.
Which country uses a points-based immigration system that favours skilled workers?
Australia uses a points-based immigration system that favours skilled workers.
True or False?
Anti-natalist policies can cause long-term issues such as an ageing population.
True.
Anti-natalist policies can lead to an ageing population, with fewer young people to support the elderly.
Germany has encouraged immigration to offset its declining population and shortages.
Germany has encouraged immigration to offset its declining population and labour shortages.
Why might families in areas with poor healthcare and high child mortality choose to have more children?
Families may have more children to ensure that some survive to adulthood, due to higher child mortality rates.
True or False?
Improving girls' access to education is an example of a direct population management policy.
False.
Improving education access is an indirect policy; it influences population growth through broader social change rather than explicitly targeting birth rates.
Societies with greater gender equality tend to have birth rates.
Societies with greater gender equality tend to have lower birth rates.
Define an age-sex pyramid.
An age-sex pyramid is a graphical representation of a population's age and sex structure, showing the number or percentage of individuals in each age group and sex.
Define the demographic transition model (DTM).
The demographic transition model (DTM) shows how a population's birth and death rates change through five generalised stages as a country develops.
On an age-sex pyramid, which side displays the male population?
The left side of an age-sex pyramid displays the male population.
What pyramid shape do low-income countries (LICs) such as Niger typically have?
Low-income countries such as Niger typically have a concave pyramid shape.
True or False?
A high-income country such as the USA typically has a concave age-sex pyramid shape.
False.
A high-income country such as the USA typically has a column-shaped pyramid, reflecting a low birth rate and large working-age population.
In DTM Stage 1, high infant mortality leads people to have children so that some survive to adulthood.
In DTM Stage 1, high infant mortality leads people to have more children so that some survive to adulthood.
In which DTM stage does the total population begin to rise rapidly as death rates fall but birth rates remain high?
In DTM Stage 2, the total population begins to rise rapidly as death rates fall but birth rates remain high.
In which DTM stage does the birth rate begin to fall rapidly due to increased birth control and family planning?
In DTM Stage 3, the birth rate begins to fall rapidly due to increased birth control and family planning.
True or False?
In DTM Stage 5, the death rate exceeds the birth rate, causing the population to decline.
True.
In DTM Stage 5, the death rate exceeds the birth rate and the total population starts to slowly decline.
What does a broad-based, narrow-top age-sex pyramid indicate about a population?
A broad-based, narrow-top age-sex pyramid indicates a young population with high fertility rates and low life expectancy.
In DTM Stage 4, birth and death rates are both low and .
In DTM Stage 4, birth and death rates are both low and fluctuating.
Which named country is used as an example of a more developed LIC with decreasing birth and death rates?
Nepal is used as an example of a more developed LIC with decreasing birth and death rates.
What three population groups can be identified using an age-sex pyramid?
An age-sex pyramid can identify young dependents, old dependents and the economically active population.
Sign up to unlock flashcards
or