The Civil Rights Movement (AQA GCSE History: The Period Study (Paper 1: Section A)): Flashcards
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Who was Linda Brown?
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Who was Linda Brown?
Linda Brown was a nine-year-old African-American student in Topeka, Kansas whose case became central to the fight against school segregation.
Linda Brown was forced to attend a school because she was not allowed in a white-only school.
Linda Brown was forced to attend a segregated school because she was not allowed in a white-only school.
What was the outcome of Plessy vs Ferguson (1896) for education?
Plessy vs Ferguson (1896) established the doctrine of 'separate but equal', meaning African-Americans could have separate schools as long as they were supposedly equal to those of white Americans.
Define 'separate but equal'.
'Separate but equal' was the principle that African-Americans could be segregated from white Americans as long as their facilities were of equal quality.
Schools for African-Americans in the 1950s had funding and standard facilities compared to white-only schools.
Schools for African-Americans in the 1950s had less funding and lower standard facilities compared to white-only schools.
Who was the chief justice that replaced the original judge in Brown vs Topeka?
The chief justice who replaced the original judge in Brown vs Topeka was Earl Warren, who disagreed with segregation.
On , the Supreme Court ruled that segregated education was unconstitutional.
On 17th May 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated education was unconstitutional.
Which organisation took Linda Brown’s case to the Supreme Court in 1952?
The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) took Linda Brown’s case to the Supreme Court in 1952.
True or False?
The Supreme Court immediately set a clear deadline for desegregating schools after the Brown vs Topeka ruling.
False.
The Supreme Court did not set a specific deadline for desegregation, only stating that it should happen 'with all deliberate speed'.
The Supreme Court’s decision in Brown vs Topeka was for Linda Brown because she was already in a junior high school.
The Supreme Court’s decision in Brown vs Topeka was too late for Linda Brown because she was already in a junior high school.
What was a negative short-term impact of the Brown vs Topeka decision?
A negative short-term impact was that many white Americans reacted violently, with increased KKK membership and attacks on black students at desegregated schools.
Define White Citizens’ Council.
The White Citizens’ Council was an organisation formed in the Deep South in 1954 to use extreme violence and intimidation to maintain school segregation.
How did Brown vs Topeka affect civil rights campaigns in the long term?
Brown vs Topeka motivated civil rights groups to target other desegregation campaigns throughout the 1950s and 1960s.
After the Brown vs Topeka ruling, some white Americans from areas with more African-American residents to avoid school desegregation.
After the Brown vs Topeka ruling, some white Americans moved away from areas with more African-American residents to avoid school desegregation.
True or False?
All Black-only schools continued to operate after Brown vs Topeka.
False.
Many well-run Black-only schools were shut down after desegregation, causing students to move to other schools and teachers to lose their jobs.
Define Little Rock Nine.
The Little Rock Nine were nine African-American students who were the first to attend the previously all-white Little Rock High School in Arkansas after desegregation was enforced in 1957.
Who was the Governor of Arkansas during the Little Rock crisis?
The Governor of Arkansas during the Little Rock crisis was Orval Faubus.
The selected 25 African-American students to attend Little Rock High School.
The Little Rock School Board selected 25 African-American students to attend Little Rock High School.
True or False?
All 25 African-American students selected were able to attend Little Rock High School in September 1957.
False.
By September 1957, only nine black students were planning to register at Little Rock High School due to threats and intimidation.
Define federal intervention.
Federal intervention refers to the use of national government powers to enforce laws or maintain order, such as when Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock in 1957.
What action did President Eisenhower take to ensure the Little Rock Nine could attend school safely?
President Eisenhower signed a presidential order and sent 1,000 federal troops to Little Rock to ensure the Little Rock Nine could attend school safely.
Eisenhower did not require the approval of to send federal troops to Little Rock.
Eisenhower did not require the approval of Congress to send federal troops to Little Rock.
Why did Governor Faubus close all schools in Little Rock in May 1958?
Governor Faubus closed all schools in Little Rock in May 1958 because he was angry about the enforcement of school desegregation.
Define NAACP.
The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) is a civil rights organisation that campaigned for the desegregation of schools and supported the Little Rock Nine.
Who was Elizabeth Eckford, and what happened to her during the events at Little Rock in 1957?
Elizabeth Eckford was one of the Little Rock Nine. She faced racist abuse from a mob when she tried to enter Little Rock High School in 1957.
The civil rights campaigners called the nine African-American students at Little Rock High School the .
The civil rights campaigners called the nine African-American students at Little Rock High School the Little Rock Nine.
Define bus segregation.
Bus segregation was the policy of separating Black and white passengers on public buses, with Black people required to sit at the back and give up their seats for white people if the bus was full.
What event directly triggered the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
The direct trigger of the Montgomery Bus Boycott was Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat to a white person and her subsequent arrest on 1st December 1955.
Define Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA).
The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was a civil rights group formed in Montgomery, Alabama, in December 1955 to organize and lead the bus boycott against segregation.
On 1st December 1955, was arrested for breaking the segregation laws in Montgomery.
On 1st December 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for breaking the segregation laws in Montgomery.
How long did the Montgomery Bus Boycott last?
The Montgomery Bus Boycott lasted 381 days.
The US Supreme Court decided that segregation on Montgomery buses was on 20th December 1956.
The US Supreme Court decided that segregation on Montgomery buses was unconstitutional on 20th December 1956.
What role did the media play in the success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
The media helped the success of the boycott by spreading news of the protest through television and newspapers, encouraging more African-Americans to join and increasing national awareness.
During the boycott, bus companies lost of their income.
During the boycott, bus companies lost 65% of their income.
Define non-violent direct action.
Non-violent direct action is a protest strategy that involves peaceful resistance to unjust laws or practices, without the use of violence.
Who was chosen to lead the MIA and why?
Martin Luther King was chosen to lead the MIA because he was a respected leader, an effective speaker, and represented a new, non-violent approach to civil rights activism.
Civil rights groups such as the had argued against bus segregation in Montgomery since 1950.
Civil rights groups such as the Women’s Political Council had argued against bus segregation in Montgomery since 1950.
What was the outcome of the Montgomery Bus Boycott for segregation laws?
The outcome was that the US Supreme Court ruled bus segregation unconstitutional, leading to the desegregation of buses in Montgomery.
Define carpool.
A carpool is when a group of people share a car journey to their destination, reducing the need for public transport. During the boycott, carpools helped African-Americans avoid using segregated buses.
True or False?
Bus companies in Montgomery agreed to change segregation rules after protests in 1950.
False.
Bus companies ignored requests from civil rights groups to change segregation rules.
Martin Luther King’s house was during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, showing his commitment to the campaign.
Martin Luther King’s house was bombed during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, showing his commitment to the campaign.
Define Greensboro sit-in.
The Greensboro sit-in was a series of non-violent protests in 1960, where African American students sat at a segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, to demand equal service and help spark the desegregation of public facilities.
Why was the media coverage of the Greensboro sit-ins significant for the civil rights movement?
Media coverage made the sit-ins a very public form of protest, attracting national attention and encouraging more people to support civil rights campaigns involving peaceful protests.
A week after the Greensboro sit-ins, protests across North Carolina and the South.
A week after the Greensboro sit-ins, protests spread across North Carolina and the South.
About how many protestors had taken part in sit-ins by the autumn of 1960?
By the autumn of 1960, around 50,000 protestors had taken part in sit-ins across the South.
Which two organisations sent representatives to help organise the Greensboro sit-in?
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) sent representatives to Greensboro.
Define Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was a civil rights group created in April 1960 to organise and train students in non-violent, visible protest tactics during the civil rights movement.
The SNCC believed protests should be , visible, and not cause protestors to react back at the police or anti-protestors.
The SNCC believed protests should be peaceful, visible, and not cause protestors to react angrily back at the police or anti-protestors.
What kind of training did the SNCC provide to students involved in sit-ins?
The SNCC trained students on how to conduct non-violent protests, including how to cope with abuse, harassment, and violence during a protest.
True or False?
Woolworth’s desegregated all its stores immediately after the Greensboro sit-in began.
False.
Some Woolworths stores did not desegregate until 1965, despite the sit-ins beginning in Greensboro in 1960.
Many young people believed that lunch counters were wrong and joined the protest movement.
Many young people believed that segregated lunch counters were wrong and joined the protest movement.
Define non-violent direct action.
Non-violent direct action is a form of protest where individuals use peaceful methods such as marches, sit-ins, or boycotts to bring about change without resorting to violence.
Why did the SCLC choose Birmingham, Alabama as the focus for their campaign in 1963?
The SCLC chose Birmingham, Alabama because it was a deeply segregated city in the Deep South, known for frequent violent attacks on Black Americans and strong resistance to civil rights.
Birmingham was nicknamed due to the regular attacks on African-American churches, homes, and businesses.
Birmingham was nicknamed Bombingham due to the regular attacks on African-American churches, homes, and businesses.
What types of protest were used during Campaign 'C' in Birmingham?
During Campaign 'C', protestors used sit-ins, peaceful marches, and boycotts of shops.
Who was 'Bull' Connor?
'Bull' Connor was the Chief of Police in Birmingham, Alabama who strongly opposed civil rights and supported the KKK.
How did the actions of 'Bull' Connor during Campaign 'C' help the SCLC achieve their aims?
'Bull' Connor's use of dogs, fire hoses, and arrests against peaceful protestors generated shocking images that brought worldwide publicity to the civil rights movement and pressured authorities to act.
Martin Luther King was a minister who believed in non-violent, direct action.
Martin Luther King was a Christian minister who believed in non-violent, direct action.
What was the main focus of the Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC) after it was founded?
The main focus of the SCLC was to use non-violent direct action and increase the number of black voters passing voter registration tests.
Campaign 'C' began on .
Campaign 'C' began on 2nd April 1963.
True or False?
President Kennedy publicly supported 'Bull' Connor’s actions during Campaign 'C'.
False.
President Kennedy was shocked and ashamed by the images from Birmingham and did not support 'Bull' Connor’s actions.
Define March on Washington.
The March on Washington was a massive civil rights protest in 1963 in Washington D.C., where around 250,000 people gathered to demand equality and support a civil rights bill.
What was the significance of the size of the protest at the March on Washington?
The large size—about 250,000 participants, including 40,000 white protestors—showed strong public support for the civil rights movement and forced the US government to address the issue.
The March on Washington was attended by people, including about white protestors.
The March on Washington was attended by 250,000 people, including about 40,000 white protestors.
How did media coverage contribute to the impact of the March on Washington?
Media coverage, including televised broadcasts and attendance by famous figures like Bob Dylan, brought national and international attention to the civil rights movement.
Define 'I Have a Dream' speech.
The 'I Have a Dream' speech was a powerful speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington in 1963, calling for equality and an end to racism in the United States.
Who delivered the famous 'I Have a Dream' speech at the March on Washington?
The 'I Have a Dream' speech was delivered by Martin Luther King Jr..
True or False?
John Lewis was the last speaker at the March on Washington.
False.
Martin Luther King Jr. was the last speaker at the March on Washington, not John Lewis.
Martin Luther King's famous speech at the March on Washington is known as the speech.
Martin Luther King's famous speech at the March on Washington is known as the 'I Have a Dream' speech.
Define Philip Randolph.
Philip Randolph was the leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and the person who proposed the idea of a civil rights march to Washington.
What was one of the main aims of the March on Washington in 1963?
One main aim was to bring attention to the civil rights movement in a non-violent way and to demand the passing of a civil rights bill by the US government.
The March on Washington in 1963 was organised to demand the passing of a bill.
The March on Washington in 1963 was organised to demand the passing of a civil rights bill.
Which event became known as “Bloody Sunday” during the Selma marches in 1965?
“Bloody Sunday” refers to March 7th, 1965, when 600 demonstrators marching from Selma to Montgomery were brutally attacked by police on the Edmund Pettus Bridge.
The Selma marches aimed to protest restrictions on African American rights.
The Selma marches aimed to protest restrictions on African American voting rights.
Define Voting Rights Act of 1965.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was a law passed in response to civil rights protests like Selma, which banned restrictions on African Americans’ right to vote.
True or False?
Martin Luther King led the first march across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma.
False.
Martin Luther King was not present at the first march; he led the second march on March 9th, 1965.
What was the Freedom Summer of 1964?
The Freedom Summer was a 1964 campaign to challenge voter discrimination against African Americans, mainly in Mississippi.
Freedom Summer focused on , where only 7 per cent of African Americans were registered to vote.
Freedom Summer focused on Mississippi, where only 7 per cent of African Americans were registered to vote.
True or False?
Freedom Summer showed that racial inequality had ended after federal laws were passed.
False.
Even after federal laws were passed, racial inequality still remained deeply rooted in the Southern States of America.
Which civil rights organisations took part in Freedom Summer?
The civil rights organisations that took part in the Freedom Summer were SNCC, CORE and the NAACP.
Define Freedom Schools.
Freedom Schools were schools established to educate African Americans and help them try to register to vote.
Out of 17,000 African Americans who applied to vote, only were successful.
Out of 17,000 African Americans who applied to vote, only 1,600 were successful.
What violent opposition did the Freedom Summer face?
The Freedom Summer faced much opposition as churches were firebombed, and Freedom Schools and volunteers were attacked.
Who were James Chaney, Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman?
James Chaney, Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman were the three Freedom Summer volunteers who were murdered in Mississippi in 1964.
Which group was responsible for the Mississippi murders?
The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and a local police officer were responsible for the Mississippi murders.
Why was Selma chosen for the protests in 1965?
Selma was chosen for the protests in 1965 as it had a large African American population, but very low voter registration.
Only African Americans were registered to vote in Selma out of a population of 15,000.
Only 383 African Americans were registered to vote in Selma out of a population of 15,000.
When was the first Selma to Montgomery march?
The first Selma to Montgomery march was on 7 March 1965.
What was the name of the bridge where protestors were attacked by state troopers during Bloody Sunday, 1965?
The Edmund Pettus Bridge was the name of the bridge where protestors were attacked by state troopers during Bloody Sunday.
Who led the march from Selma to Montgomery on 21 March 1965?
Martin Luther King Jr. led the march from Selma to Montgomery on 21 March 1965.
Who was Malcolm X?
Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska in 1925, and became a prominent African-American leader after joining the Nation of Islam.
Malcolm X joined the and changed his name while in .
Malcolm X joined the Nation of Islam and changed his name while in prison.
Define Black Power Movement.
The Black Power Movement was a movement that promoted racial pride, self-defence and Black cultural identity in the United States.
Which movement did Malcolm X significantly influence?
Malcolm X significantly influenced the Black Power Movement.
Malcolm X believed that protest was ineffective and supported when necessary.
Malcolm X believed that nonviolent protest was ineffective and supported armed resistance when necessary.
In what year was Malcolm X assassinated?
Malcolm X was assassinated in 1965.
True or False?
Malcolm X was assassinated while delivering a speech in New York City.
True.
Malcolm X was assassinated in the Audubon Ballroom in New York City in 1965.
Malcolm X left the after a falling out with its leader, .
Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam after a falling out with its leader, Elijah Muhammad.
Define empowerment in the context of Malcolm X.
In the context of Malcolm X, empowerment refers to giving African-Americans confidence, knowledge, and pride to stand up for their rights.
How did Malcolm X impact the membership of the Nation of Islam?
Malcolm X helped increase the membership of the Nation of Islam from 500 in 1952 to 100,000 in 1963.
Malcolm X inspired individuals such as and the .
Malcolm X inspired individuals such as Stokely Carmichael and the Black Panthers.
True or False?
Many Americans disliked Malcolm X because they believed his methods encouraged violence.
True.
Many Americans disliked Malcolm X as they believed his methods encouraged violence and hatred.
What did Malcolm X mean when he said he was “here to remind the white man of the alternative to Dr. King”?
Malcolm X meant that his methods of self-defence and resistance were an alternative to the nonviolent approach advocated by Dr. King.
Define March Against Fear.
The March Against Fear was a 1966 protest march from Memphis to Jackson, led by James Meredith, aimed at promoting African-American voter registration and protesting racism.
Who took over the leadership of the March Against Fear after James Meredith was shot?
After James Meredith was shot, the March Against Fear was led by Martin Luther King, Stokely Carmichael, and Floyd McKissick.
The March Against Fear ended with approximately people marching into Jackson, Mississippi.
The March Against Fear ended with approximately 15,000 people marching into Jackson, Mississippi.
What were two reasons for the reemergence of the Black Power Movement in the 1960s?
The Black Power Movement reemerged due to ongoing problems in urban ghettos and frustration with the slow progress of Martin Luther King's nonviolent movement.
Attempts by and the SCLC to help in the North were unsuccessful because they knew little about life in these areas.
Attempts by Martin Luther King and the SCLC to help in the North were unsuccessful because they knew little about ghetto life in these areas.
Define SNCC.
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was a civil rights group that became more militant under Stokely Carmichael in 1966.
Which slogan did the SNCC adopt under Stokely Carmichael in 1966?
Under Stokely Carmichael, the SNCC adopted the slogan “Black is beautiful” in 1966.
Supporters of SNCC were encouraged to help from white people and take for their own lives.
Supporters of SNCC were encouraged to reject help from white people and take responsibility for their own lives.
Who were the Black Panthers?
The Black Panthers were a political party founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, inspired by Malcolm X and communist revolutionaries.
The -Point Plan was the manifesto of the Black Panthers that outlined the party’s aims.
The Ten-Point Plan was the manifesto of the Black Panthers that outlined the party’s aims.
True or False?
The Black Panthers only had a negative impact on African-American communities.
False.
The Black Panthers had a positive impact by creating clinics, free breakfast programs, and reducing gang violence, but they were also involved in violence and crime.
The Black Panthers created ghetto to advise African-Americans on legal rights and health, and ran a Free program.
The Black Panthers created ghetto clinics to advise African-Americans on legal rights and health, and ran a Free Breakfast program.
Who was the leader of the Black Panthers arrested for murder in 1967?
The leader of the Black Panthers arrested for murder in 1967 was Huey Newton.
What protest gesture did Tommie Smith and John Carlos make at the 1968 Mexico Olympics?
At the 1968 Mexico Olympics, Tommie Smith and John Carlos raised a black-gloved fist during the national anthem to protest racial injustice.
As a result of the Black Power Salute at the Olympics, both athletes were from the US Olympic squad and received threats.
As a result of the Black Power Salute at the Olympics, both athletes were suspended from the US Olympic squad and received death threats.
Define Civil Rights Act, 1964.
The Civil Rights Act, 1964 was a US law that ended discrimination in public places, promoted school desegregation, and banned employment discrimination.
Define Voting Rights Act, 1965.
The Voting Rights Act, 1965 was a US law that ended literacy tests for voting and allowed federal monitoring of voter registration to prevent discrimination.
Define Civil Rights Act, 1968.
The Civil Rights Act, 1968 (Fair Housing Act) was a US law that banned housing discrimination based on race, religion, or national origin and guaranteed Native American civil rights.
Who was the US president that signed the Civil Rights Act, 1964 into law?
The US president who signed the Civil Rights Act, 1964 into law was Lyndon B. Johnson.
What major event helped lead to the quick passing of the Voting Rights Act, 1965?
The March on Selma in 1965 helped lead to the quick passing of the Voting Rights Act, 1965.
Which act is also known as the Fair Housing Act?
The Civil Rights Act, 1968 is also known as the Fair Housing Act.
True or False?
The Civil Rights Act, 1964 fully ended all discrimination in the United States.
False.
The Civil Rights Act, 1964 stopped many forms of discrimination, but it did not end all discrimination in the US.
What two key provisions did the Voting Rights Act, 1965 introduce to prevent voting discrimination?
The Voting Rights Act, 1965 ended literacy tests for voting and allowed federal monitoring of voter registration.
The Civil Rights Act, 1964 ended discrimination in places such as hotels, restaurants, and theatres.
The Civil Rights Act, 1964 ended discrimination in public places such as hotels, restaurants, and theatres.
The Voting Rights Act, 1965 resulted in African Americans registering to vote in 1965.
The Voting Rights Act, 1965 resulted in 250,000 African Americans registering to vote in 1965.
The Civil Rights Act, 1968 was passed a week after the of Martin Luther King Jr.
The Civil Rights Act, 1968 was passed a week after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
The Civil Rights Act, 1968 banned discrimination in the sale, rental, and of housing based on race, religion, or national origin.
The Civil Rights Act, 1968 banned discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, or national origin.
Define assassination.
An assassination is the targeted killing of a prominent individual, often for political or ideological reasons.
Where was Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated?
Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee.
Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on .
Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4th, 1968.
Who was convicted of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.?
James Earl Ray was convicted of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr..
Define the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 was a law that banned discrimination in housing based on race and enabled fair housing rights in the United States.
After King's assassination, President Johnson declared a of emergency and sent National Guard troops into Memphis.
After King's assassination, President Johnson declared a state of emergency and sent 4,000 National Guard troops into Memphis.
What event helped to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1968?
The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. helped to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
Riots after King's death lasted for and occurred in cities across America.
Riots after King's death lasted for a week and occurred in 125 cities across America.
Define the Black Power Movement.
The Black Power Movement was a movement that emphasised racial pride, self-sufficiency, and equality for African Americans, gaining strength after King’s assassination.
How did King's assassination affect the Black Power Movement?
King’s assassination revitalised the Black Power Movement, causing increased membership and greater distrust of white Americans among African Americans.
True or False?
The Civil Rights movement became more unified after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
False.
The Civil Rights movement lost its most influential leader and became less unified after King’s assassination.
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