A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another object. Forces can cause changes in speed, direction, or shape of bodies.

True or False? Balanced forces produce a resultant force .

False. Unbalanced forces produce a resultant force.

What is a resultant force ?

A resultant force is a single force that represents the combined effect of all forces acting on an object. It determines both the direction and the magnitude of the overall force experienced by the object.

State the two possible outcomes when forces combine .

Forces can combine to produce either balanced or unbalanced forces.

Define balanced forces .

Balanced forces occur when the forces acting on an object are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, resulting in no net force acting on the object.

When do unbalanced forces occur?

Unbalanced forces occur when the forces acting on an object are unequal in magnitude or not opposite in direction, resulting in a net force that causes the object to accelerate in the direction of the net force.

An object is travelling forward at a constant speed in a straight line. A force is applied perpendicular to the direction of the object's motion. What is the effect of the force on the object's motion?

If a force is applied perpendicularly to the direction of an object's motion, the object will change direction.

An object is travelling forward at a constant speed in a straight line. What is the effect on the object's motion if a forward acting force is applied?

If a forward acting force is applied to an object travelling at a constant speed in a straight line, the object will speed up (accelerate).

True or False? Newton's first law states that objects will continue to move at the same velocity even if a resultant force acts on them.

False. Newton's first law states that objects will continue to move at the same velocity when there is no resultant force acting on them.

What is the effect of a zero resultant force on an object's motion?

The effect of a zero resultant force on the motion of an object is that the object will: remain stationary if it is at rest continue to move with the same velocity if it is already moving

How is Newton's first law applied to objects with constant velocity?

Newton's first law states that objects with constant velocity experience no change in their motion unless a resultant force is applied.

Define constant velocity .

Constant velocity refers to motion at a steady speed and in a straight line .

In what situation does an object experience no resultant force ?

An object experiences no resultant force when the forces acting on it are balanced , so the net force is zero.

What is the value of the frictional force on a car moving at a constant velocity with no resultant force acting on it?

The value of the frictional force is equal to the driving force , as both forces are balanced when the car moves at a constant velocity.

State Newton's first law of motion.

Newton's first law of motion states that: objects will remain at rest, or move with a constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force .

When a non-zero resultant force is applied to an object, what are the two possible changes in the object's motion?

When a non-zero force acts on an object, the object can: change its speed change its direction

An object travelling at a constant speed around a circle is ______ moving at a constant velocity, because its ______ is changing.

An object travelling at a constant speed around a circle is not moving at a constant velocity, because its direction is changing.

Define Newton's second law of motion . (Extended Tier Only)

Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on it and inversely proportional to the object's mass.

True or False? Newton's second law states that acceleration is directly proportional to the object's mass. (Extended Tier Only)

False. Acceleration is directly proportional to the resultant force and inversely proportional to the object's mass.

How does Newton's second law build on Newton's first law ? (Extended Tier Only)

Newton's first law says an object's motion changes when a resultant force acts on it; Newton's second law describes that change — the size of the acceleration produced.

State the relationship between mass and acceleration according to Newton's second law. (Extended Tier Only)

Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass — for the same resultant force, a larger mass has a smaller acceleration .

According to Newton's second law, what is the effect on acceleration of increasing the resultant force on an object? (Extended Tier Only)

Increasing the resultant force increases the acceleration by the same factor, because they are directly proportional .

Define extension . (Extended Tier Only)

Extension is the increase in length of a spring when a force is applied, found by subtracting the original length from the final length .

In the spring investigation, what are the independent and dependent variables? (Extended Tier Only)

Independent variable = force applied to the spring Dependent variable = extension of the spring

The masses are removed and the whole experiment is repeated three times so that an ______ length can be calculated. (Extended Tier Only)

The masses are removed and the whole experiment is repeated three times so that an average length can be calculated.

On a force–extension graph, what does a straight line through the origin show? (Extended Tier Only)

It shows that the force is directly proportional to the extension , so the spring obeys Hooke's law.

True or False? Ruler measurements should be taken at eye level to avoid a parallax error. (Extended Tier Only)

True. Reading the ruler at eye level avoids a parallax error , which is a type of systematic error .

Why is a pointer attached to the bottom of the spring? (Extended Tier Only)

A pointer lets the extension be read from the ruler more precisely, reducing random error .

Define Hooke's Law . (Extended Tier Only)

Hooke’s law states that the extension of a spring is proportional to the applied force .

True or False? Hooke's Law states that the extension of a spring is inversely proportional to the applied force. (Extended Tier Only)

False. Hooke's Law states that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force.

What does Hooke's Law describe ? (Extended Tier Only)

Hooke's Law describes the relationship between the extension of a spring and the applied force , stating that they are proportional.

What is the spring constant in Hooke's Law? (Extended Tier Only)

The spring constant (k) is the force per unit extension and measures how stiff the spring is.

True or False? The spring constant (k) has units of N/kg . (Extended Tier Only)

False. The spring constant (k) has units of N/m .

What does the elastic limit represent in Hooke's Law? (Extended Tier Only)

The elastic limit represents the point beyond which an object will no longer return to its original length when stretched, violating Hooke's Law.

What does the green arrow represent on this force-extension graph? (Extended Tier Only) \n\n! A force-extension graph showing a straight line from the origin going up at an angle, then curving and flattening out. A green arrow highlights the linear section of the graph. {width=1100 height=644}

The green arrow shows the linear portion of the graph. This is the section that obeys Hooke's law , where force and extension are directly proportional .

Friction is the force between two surfaces that impedes motion and produces heating.

True or False? Friction speeds up the motion of an object.

False. Friction opposes the motion of an object, slowing it down.

True or False? Friction increases the temperature of an object.

True. Friction causes heating, which raises the temperature of the object and its surroundings.

What creates friction between two solid objects ?

Friction in solids is created by imperfections on the surfaces of the objects moving over one another.

Fluids are substances that can flow and take the shape of their container . Gases and liquids are fluids.

Drag is the frictional force acting on objects moving through fluids, caused by collisions with the gas or liquid particles.

True or False? Air resistance is a type of friction.

True. Air resistance, experienced by objects moving through the air, is a type of friction that slows down their motion.

How does air resistance affect the temperature of an object?

Air resistance increases the temperature of an object by heating due to the work done against frictional forces as particles collide with the object.

True or False? Drag is a type of friction.

True. Drag is the frictional force acting on an object as the object moves through a fluid (a liquid or a gas).

A moment is the turning effect of a force about a pivot.

True or False? Moments cause motion.

False. Moments describe the turning effect of forces about a pivot. A resultant force is what causes motion.

True or False? To reduce the force needed to produce a moment, the distance from the pivot must be decreased.

False. To reduce the force needed to produce a moment, the distance from the pivot must be increased .

State the principle of moments . (Extended Tier Only)

For an object that is balanced , the total clockwise moment about a pivot equals the total anticlockwise moment about that pivot.

True or False? The principle of moments applies to unbalanced systems. (Extended Tier Only)

False. The principle of moments applies only to balanced systems.

True or False? See-saws and beams are systems that use the principle of moments . (Extended Tier Only)

True. See-saws and balanced beams are systems that use the principle of moments .

Define equilibrium in terms of moments.

Equilibrium is a state in which an object remains unchanged in its motion or rotation, with balanced forces and moments acting upon it.

IGCSEScienceCambridge (CIE)Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award)PhysicsFlashcards1. Motion, Forces & EnergyEffects of Forces

Effects of Forces (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award): Physics): Flashcards

Exam code: 0654 & 0973

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Cards in this collection (80)

Define force.
A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another object. Forces can cause changes in speed, direction, or shape of bodies.
True or False?
Balanced forces produce a resultant force.
False.
Unbalanced forces produce a resultant force.
What is a resultant force?
A resultant force is a single force that represents the combined effect of all forces acting on an object. It determines both the direction and the magnitude of the overall force experienced by the object.
State the two possible outcomes when forces combine.
Forces can combine to produce either balanced or unbalanced forces.
Define balanced forces.
Balanced forces occur when the forces acting on an object are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, resulting in no net force acting on the object.
When do unbalanced forces occur?
Unbalanced forces occur when the forces acting on an object are unequal in magnitude or not opposite in direction, resulting in a net force that causes the object to accelerate in the direction of the net force.
An object is travelling forward at a constant speed in a straight line. A force is applied perpendicular to the direction of the object's motion. What is the effect of the force on the object's motion?
If a force is applied perpendicularly to the direction of an object's motion, the object will change direction.
An object is travelling forward at a constant speed in a straight line. What is the effect on the object's motion if a forward acting force is applied?
If a forward acting force is applied to an object travelling at a constant speed in a straight line, the object will speed up (accelerate).
True or False?
Newton's first law states that objects will continue to move at the same velocity even if a resultant force acts on them.
False.
Newton's first law states that objects will continue to move at the same velocity when there is no resultant force acting on them.
What is the effect of a zero resultant force on an object's motion?
The effect of a zero resultant force on the motion of an object is that the object will:
- remain stationary if it is at rest
- continue to move with the same velocity if it is already moving
How is Newton's first law applied to objects with constant velocity?
Newton's first law states that objects with constant velocity experience no change in their motion unless a resultant force is applied.
Define constant velocity.
Constant velocity refers to motion at a steady speed and in a straight line.
In what situation does an object experience no resultant force?
An object experiences no resultant force when the forces acting on it are balanced, so the net force is zero.
What is the value of the frictional force on a car moving at a constant velocity with no resultant force acting on it?
The value of the frictional force is equal to the driving force, as both forces are balanced when the car moves at a constant velocity.
State Newton's first law of motion.
Newton's first law of motion states that: objects will remain at rest, or move with a constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force.
When a non-zero resultant force is applied to an object, what are the two possible changes in the object's motion?
When a non-zero force acts on an object, the object can:
- change its speed
- change its direction
An object travelling at a constant speed around a circle is ______ moving at a constant velocity, because its ______ is changing.
An object travelling at a constant speed around a circle is not moving at a constant velocity, because its direction is changing.
Define Newton's second law of motion. (Extended Tier Only)
Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on it and inversely proportional to the object's mass.
True or False?
Newton's second law states that acceleration is directly proportional to the object's mass. (Extended Tier Only)
False.
Acceleration is directly proportional to the resultant force and inversely proportional to the object's mass.
How does Newton's second law build on Newton's first law? (Extended Tier Only)
Newton's first law says an object's motion changes when a resultant force acts on it; Newton's second law describes that change — the size of the acceleration produced.
What is the equation for Newton's second law? (Extended Tier Only)
$F = m a$
Where:
- $F$ = resultant force, measured in newtons (N)
- $m$ = mass, measured in kilograms (kg)
- $a$ = acceleration, measured in metres per second squared (m/s²)
True or False?
In the equation $F = m a$, the force and acceleration act in opposite directions. (Extended Tier Only)
False.
In the equation $F = m a$ , the force and acceleration act in the same direction.
State the relationship between mass and acceleration according to Newton's second law. (Extended Tier Only)
Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass — for the same resultant force, a larger mass has a smaller acceleration.
According to Newton's second law, what is the effect on acceleration of increasing the resultant force on an object? (Extended Tier Only)
Increasing the resultant force increases the acceleration by the same factor, because they are directly proportional.
Define extension. (Extended Tier Only)
Extension is the increase in length of a spring when a force is applied, found by subtracting the original length from the final length.
In the spring investigation, what are the independent and dependent variables? (Extended Tier Only)
- Independent variable = force applied to the spring
- Dependent variable = extension of the spring
How is the force on the spring calculated from the hanging masses? (Extended Tier Only)
The force equals the weight of the masses, calculated using $W = m g$ with $g = 9.8 N/kg$ (multiply each mass in kg by 9.8).
The masses are removed and the whole experiment is repeated three times so that an ______ length can be calculated. (Extended Tier Only)
The masses are removed and the whole experiment is repeated three times so that an average length can be calculated.
On a force–extension graph, what does a straight line through the origin show? (Extended Tier Only)
It shows that the force is directly proportional to the extension, so the spring obeys Hooke's law.
True or False?
Ruler measurements should be taken at eye level to avoid a parallax error. (Extended Tier Only)
True.
Reading the ruler at eye level avoids a parallax error, which is a type of systematic error.
Why is a pointer attached to the bottom of the spring? (Extended Tier Only)
A pointer lets the extension be read from the ruler more precisely, reducing random error.
Define Hooke's Law. (Extended Tier Only)
Hooke’s law states that the extension of a spring is proportional to the applied force.
What is the equation for Hooke's law? (Extended Tier Only)
The equation for Hooke's law is $F = k x$
Where:
- $F$ = force applied, measured in newtons (N)
- $k$ = spring constant, measured in newtons per metre (N m⁻¹)
- $x$ = extension of the spring, measured in metres (m)
True or False?
Hooke's Law states that the extension of a spring is inversely proportional to the applied force. (Extended Tier Only)
False.
Hooke's Law states that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force.
What does Hooke's Law describe? (Extended Tier Only)
Hooke's Law describes the relationship between the extension of a spring and the applied force, stating that they are proportional.
What is the spring constant in Hooke's Law? (Extended Tier Only)
The spring constant (k) is the force per unit extension and measures how stiff the spring is.
True or False?
The spring constant (k) has units of N/kg. (Extended Tier Only)
False.
The spring constant (k) has units of N/m.
What does the elastic limit represent in Hooke's Law? (Extended Tier Only)
The elastic limit represents the point beyond which an object will no longer return to its original length when stretched, violating Hooke's Law.
What does the green arrow represent on this force-extension graph? (Extended Tier Only)\n\n!A force-extension graph showing a straight line from the origin going up at an angle, then curving and flattening out. A green arrow highlights the linear section of the graph. (opens in a new tab){width=1100 height=644}
The green arrow shows the linear portion of the graph. This is the section that obeys Hooke's law, where force and extension are directly proportional.
What does the green arrow represent on this force-extension graph? (Extended Tier Only)\n\n!A force extension graph showing a straight line that begins at the origin and slopes upward, then curves and flattens out. A green arrow is positioned next to the non-linear portion of the graph (opens in a new tab){width=1100 height=644}
The green arrow shows the non-linear section of the graph where Hooke's law is not obeyed. Force and extension are no longer proportional.
What does the red cross represent on this force-extension graph? (Extended Tier Only)\n\n!A force extension graph with a straight line that starts at the origin and slopes upward, then curves and flattens out. A red cross is positioned at the end of the linear region. (opens in a new tab){width=1100 height=644}
The red cross represents the limit of proportionality. Beyond this point, force and extension are no longer directly proportional.
Define friction.
Friction is the force between two surfaces that impedes motion and produces heating.
True or False?
Friction speeds up the motion of an object.
False.
Friction opposes the motion of an object, slowing it down.
True or False?
Friction increases the temperature of an object.
True.
Friction causes heating, which raises the temperature of the object and its surroundings.
What creates friction between two solid objects?
Friction in solids is created by imperfections on the surfaces of the objects moving over one another.
Define fluids.
Fluids are substances that can flow and take the shape of their container. Gases and liquids are fluids.
Define drag.
Drag is the frictional force acting on objects moving through fluids, caused by collisions with the gas or liquid particles.
True or False?
Air resistance is a type of friction.
True.
Air resistance, experienced by objects moving through the air, is a type of friction that slows down their motion.
How does air resistance affect the temperature of an object?
Air resistance increases the temperature of an object by heating due to the work done against frictional forces as particles collide with the object.
True or False?
Drag is a type of friction.
True.
Drag is the frictional force acting on an object as the object moves through a fluid (a liquid or a gas).
Define a moment.
A moment is the turning effect of a force about a pivot.
True or False?
Moments cause motion.
False.
Moments describe the turning effect of forces about a pivot. A resultant force is what causes motion.
What is the equation for the moment of a force?
$M = F \times d$
Where:
- $M$ = moment, in newton metres (N m)
- $F$ = force, in newtons (N)
- $d$ = perpendicular distance from the pivot, in metres (m)
True or False?
Rearranged for the perpendicular distance from the pivot, the moment equation is $d = \frac{F}{M}$
False.
Rearranged for the perpendicular distance from the pivot, the moment equation is $d = \frac{M}{F}$
True or False?
To reduce the force needed to produce a moment, the distance from the pivot must be decreased.
False.
To reduce the force needed to produce a moment, the distance from the pivot must be increased.
A force of 3 N is applied at a perpendicular distance of 0.5 m from a pivot. Calculate the moment of the force.
The moment of the force is 1.5 N m.
$M = F \times d = 3 \times 0.5 = 1.5 N m$
State the principle of moments. (Extended Tier Only)
For an object that is balanced, the total clockwise moment about a pivot equals the total anticlockwise moment about that pivot.
True or False?
The principle of moments applies to unbalanced systems. (Extended Tier Only)
False.
The principle of moments applies only to balanced systems.
True or False?
See-saws and beams are systems that use the principle of moments. (Extended Tier Only)
True.
See-saws and balanced beams are systems that use the principle of moments.
Define equilibrium in terms of moments.
Equilibrium is a state in which an object remains unchanged in its motion or rotation, with balanced forces and moments acting upon it.
True or False?
In terms of moments, for an object to be in equilibrium it must be stationary.
False.
An object in equilibrium can either be stationary or moving with constant velocity.
What does it mean for the forces on an object to be balanced?
When the forces on an object are balanced, the net force acting on it is zero, resulting in no change in its motion.
What condition must be met for there to be no resultant force on an object?
The condition that must be met for there to be no resultant force on an object is that the forces acting on it must be balanced, cancelling each other out.
True or False?
In terms of moment, a system in equilibrium has a net force acting on it.
False.
A system in equilibrium has no net force acting on it, so the net force is zero.
What is the significance of balanced forces and moments in equilibrium on a system?
The significance of balanced forces and moments in equilibrium on a system is it remains unchanged in its state of motion or rotation, maintaining equilibrium.
Define the resultant moment.
The resultant moment is the net turning effect produced by the combination of all forces acting on an object, determining its rotational motion.
Define the centre of gravity.
The centre of gravity of an object is the point at which the weight of the object can be considered to act.
True or False?
The centre of gravity is always located at the geometric centre of an object.
False.
The centre of gravity can be located at the geometric centre of a regularly shaped object. This is not necessarily the case for irregularly shaped objects.
True or False?
The location of the centre of mass of an object affects its stability and balance.
True.
The location of the centre of mass of an object affects its stability and balance.
Define stability.
Stability refers to an object's ability to maintain its equilibrium position, where its centre of gravity lies above its base.
True or False?
An object is considered stable if its centre of gravity is below its base.
False.
An object is stable if its centre of gravity lies above its base, ensuring balance and preventing it from tipping over.
How does the width of the base affect an object's stability?
The width of an object's base affects its stability because a wider base makes it harder to tip over, increasing stability, while a narrower base makes it easier to tip over, decreasing stability.
What factors influence an object's stability?
An object's stability is influenced by the position of its centre of gravity and the width of its base.
State the condition required for an object to be stable.
An object is stable when its centre of gravity is positioned above its base, ensuring equilibrium and resistance to tipping.
How does the position of the centre of gravity affect stability?
The position of the centre of gravity determines whether an object will remain balanced or topple over when disturbed.
What happens to an object's centre of gravity when it is suspended from a point?
When an object is suspended from a point, it will settle so that its centre of gravity comes to rest below the pivoting point.
True or False?
In an experiment to find the centre of gravity of an irregular shape, a plumb line is used to draw a vertical line.
True.
The plumb line is used to draw a vertical line from the pivot to determine where the centre of gravity will lie.
How can you locate the centre of gravity of an irregular shape?
An irregular shape can be suspended from different points, and a plum line can be used to draw vertical lines that intersect at the centre of gravity.
What is the importance of determining the centre of gravity?
Determining the centre of gravity enables an understanding of the stability and balance of an object, which is crucial in various applications.
True or False?
The centre of gravity of an object is always fixed.
False.
The centre of gravity of an object may change depending on the object's orientation or composition, especially in flexible or complex structures.

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