IGCSEScienceCambridge (CIE)Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award)PhysicsFlashcards1. Motion, Forces & EnergyMotion

Motion (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award): Physics): Flashcards

Exam code: 0654 & 0973

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  • What is speed?

    Speed is the distance travelled per unit time.

  • True or False?

    Speed is a vector quantity.

    False.

    Speed is a scalar quantity because it only has magnitude, with no direction.

  • Define average speed.

    Average speed is the total distance travelled divided by the total time taken.

  • State the equation for calculating average speed.

    The equation for average speed is:

    \text{average speed} = \frac{\text{distance travelled}}{\text{time taken}}

  • How do you calculate the total distance from the average speed?

    The total distance is calculated by multiplying the average speed by the total time taken.

  • What units are used to measure speed?

    Speed is measured in metres per second (m/s).

  • Define velocity. (Extended Tier Only)

    Velocity is defined as speed in a given direction.

  • What is the equation for calculating velocity? (Extended Tier Only)

    The equation for velocity is:

    v = \frac{s}{t}

    Where:

    • v = velocity, measured in metres per second (m/s)

    • s = displacement, measured in metres (m)

    • t = time, measured in seconds (s)

  • True or False?

    Velocity is a scalar quantity. (Extended Tier Only)

    False.

    Velocity is a vector quantity because it includes direction.

  • What does a negative velocity value indicate? (Extended Tier Only)

    A negative velocity value indicates motion in the opposite direction.

  • What is the difference between acceleration and deceleration?

    An object is accelerating when it is speeding up and decelerating when it is slowing down.

  • Define acceleration. (Extended Tier Only)

    Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

  • State the equation for calculating acceleration. (Extended Tier Only)

    The equation for acceleration is:

    a = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}

    Where:

    • a = acceleration, measured in metres per second squared (m/s²)

    • \Delta v = change in velocity, measured in metres per second (m/s)

    • \Delta t = time taken, measured in seconds (s)

  • How do you find the change in velocity? (Extended Tier Only)

    The change in velocity is the final velocity minus the initial velocity:

    \Delta v = v - u

  • What units are used to measure acceleration? (Extended Tier Only)

    Acceleration is measured in metres per second squared (m/s²).

  • What does a positive acceleration indicate? (Extended Tier Only)

    A positive acceleration indicates that the object is speeding up.

  • True or False?

    Deceleration is a negative acceleration. (Extended Tier Only)

    True.

    A decelerating object is slowing down, so its acceleration is negative.

  • Which type of graph shows the distance travelled by a moving object over a period of time?

    A distance-time graph shows the distance travelled by a moving object over a period of time.

  • How is constant speed represented on a distance-time graph?

    On a distance-time graph, constant speed is represented by a straight line:

    • a steeper slope shows a greater constant speed

    • a shallower slope shows a lower constant speed

    • a flat, horizontal line shows a constant speed of zero

  • How is changing speed represented on a distance-time graph?

    On a distance-time graph, changing speed is represented by a curved line.

  • State the equation used to find the gradient of a distance-time graph.

    The gradient of a distance-time graph gives the speed:

    \text{speed} = \text{gradient} = \frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}

    Where:

    • \Delta y = change in distance

    • \Delta x = change in time

  • Which line on the distance-time graph shows the slowest speed?

    A distance-time graph with distance on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. It shows two lines, with the blue line steeper than the orange line.

    On a distance-time graph, the line with the smallest gradient has the slowest speed. This is the shallowest line (the orange line).

    A distance-time graph with distance on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. It shows two lines, with the blue line steeper than the orange line.

  • True or False?

    This distance-time graph shows a stationary object.

    A distance-time graph showing a flat horizontal line.

    True.

    A flat, horizontal line on a distance-time graph shows that the object is stationary. The distance travelled is not changing with time.

    A distance-time graph showing a flat horizontal line.

  • Describe the motion of the object shown in this distance-time graph.

    Distance-time graph with time on the horizontal axis and distance on the vertical axis, displaying a line that curves upwards.

    The object in this distance-time graph has an increasing speed. The distance it travels in each interval of time is increasing, so the line curves upward.

    Distance-time graph with time on the horizontal axis and distance on the vertical axis, displaying a line that curves upwards.

  • What does a speed-time graph show?

    A speed-time graph shows how the speed of a moving object varies with time.

  • How is constant acceleration represented on a speed-time graph?

    Constant acceleration on a speed-time graph is represented by a straight, sloping line.

  • True or False?

    A gentle slope on a speed-time graph represents a large acceleration.

    False.

    A gentle slope on a speed-time graph represents a small acceleration.

  • What does the area under a speed-time graph represent?

    The area under a speed-time graph represents the distance travelled by the object.

  • How do you calculate the total distance travelled from a speed-time graph?

    The total distance travelled is the total area under the speed-time graph, found by adding the areas of each enclosed section (triangles and rectangles).

  • What is the formula to calculate the area of a triangle?

    The formula for the area of a triangle is:

    A = \frac{1}{2} \times b \times h

    Where:

    • b = base of the triangle

    • h = height of the triangle

  • What is the formula to calculate the area of a rectangle?

    The formula for the area of a rectangle is:

    A = b \times h

    Where:

    • b = base of the rectangle

    • h = height of the rectangle

  • What shape does the area beneath a speed-time graph form for an object moving at constant speed?

    For an object moving at constant speed, the area beneath a speed-time graph forms a rectangle.

  • True or False?

    A flat line on a speed-time graph indicates constant acceleration.

    False.

    A flat, horizontal line on a speed-time graph indicates a constant speed (zero acceleration).

  • True or False?

    The starting speed of this object is zero.

    Speed-time graph showing a straight line sloping upward. The line begins at t = 0 where speed is not equal to zero.

    False.

    The starting speed is not zero because the line does not start from the origin.

    Speed-time graph showing a straight line sloping upward. The line begins at t = 0 where speed is not equal to zero.

  • What does the gradient of a speed-time graph represent? (Extended Tier Only)

    The gradient of a speed-time graph represents the acceleration of the object.

  • What do a positive and a negative gradient indicate on a speed-time graph? (Extended Tier Only)

    A positive gradient shows the object is accelerating (speeding up); a negative gradient shows the object is decelerating (slowing down).

  • How does a speed-time graph show constant acceleration compared with changing acceleration? (Extended Tier Only)

    Constant acceleration is shown by a straight line, while changing acceleration is shown by a curve.

  • True or False?

    A curved speed-time graph shows constant acceleration. (Extended Tier Only)

    False.

    A curve shows changing acceleration; a straight line shows constant acceleration.

  • On a curved speed-time graph, how can you tell if the acceleration is increasing or decreasing? (Extended Tier Only)

    If the curve becomes steeper (gradient increasing), the acceleration is increasing. If the curve becomes shallower (gradient decreasing), the acceleration is decreasing.

  • How do you calculate the acceleration from a straight-line speed-time graph? (Extended Tier Only)

    The acceleration is the gradient of the line:

    a = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t} = \frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}

    Where:

    • \Delta v = change in speed

    • \Delta t = change in time

  • How do you find the acceleration at a point on a curved speed-time graph? (Extended Tier Only)

    Draw a tangent to the curve at that point and find its gradient. This gives the instantaneous acceleration at that moment.

  • Define acceleration of free fall. (Extended Tier Only)

    Acceleration of free fall (g) is the acceleration of an object falling freely under gravity, in the absence of air resistance.

  • What is the value of the acceleration of free fall? (Extended Tier Only)

    The acceleration of free fall is g = 9.8 m/s² near the Earth's surface.

  • True or False?

    The acceleration of free fall is the same for all objects, regardless of mass. (Extended Tier Only)

    True.

    In the absence of air resistance, all objects fall with the same acceleration, regardless of their mass.

  • True or False?

    All objects fall with the same acceleration in the presence of air resistance. (Extended Tier Only)

    False.

    With air resistance, different objects fall at different accelerations. We usually assume air resistance is negligible.

  • Ignoring air resistance, by how much does a falling object's velocity increase each second? (Extended Tier Only)

    Its velocity increases by 9.8 m/s every second.

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