Define addition reaction

Addition reaction is one in which two reactants combine to form a single product. It is most commonly seen with alkenes, where the C=C double bond reacts with a small molecule such as H 2 , Br 2 or H 2 O.

In organic chemistry, how is oxidation defined in terms of hydrogen and oxygen?

Oxidation involves the loss of hydrogen or the gain of oxygen. For example, an aldehyde is oxidised to a carboxylic acid: CH 3 CHO + [O] → CH 3 COOH.

Define elimination reaction

An elimination reaction is one in which a small molecule is removed from a reactant, forming an alkene as one of the products. For example, a halogenoalkane can lose HBr to form an alkene.

In organic chemistry, how is reduction defined in terms of hydrogen and oxygen?

Reduction involves the gain of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen. For example, an aldehyde is reduced to an alcohol: CH 3 CHO + [H] → CH 3 CH 2 OH.

Define substitution reaction

A substitution reaction is one in which an atom or group of atoms in a compound is replaced by another atom or group of atoms. For example, CH 3 CH 2 Br + OH - → C 2 H 5 OH + Br -

In an addition polymerisation reaction, the .......... - .......... double bond of an alkene monomer breaks open and forms a long .......... chain.

In an addition polymerisation reaction, the carbon - carbon double bond of an alkene monomer breaks open and forms a long polymer chain.

Define hydrolysis reaction

A hydrolysis reaction is one in which a compound reacts with water, splitting the compound into smaller molecules. For example, CH 3 Cl + H 2 O → CH 3 OH + HCl.

True or False? An elimination reaction always produces exactly one product.

False. An elimination reaction typically produces more than one product. For example, a halogenoalkane reacting with OH - under heat produces an alkene, water and a halide ion.

Name the seven types of organic reaction covered at AS level.

Addition Elimination Substitution Oxidation Reduction Hydrolysis Polymerisation

Define curly arrow (in reaction mechanisms)

A curly arrow is a symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of electrons. Double-headed curly arrows show the movement of an electron pair. Single-headed (fish-hook) curly arrows show the movement of a single electron.

True or False? Single-headed curly arrows show the movement of an electron pair.

False. Single-headed (fish-hook) curly arrows show the movement of a single electron . Double-headed curly arrows show the movement of an electron pair .

Define homolytic fission

Homolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond in which one electron goes to each atom, forming two radicals. It is shown using single-headed (fish-hook) curly arrows.

In the reaction C 2 H 6 + Cl 2 → C 2 H 5 Cl + HCl, the bonds are non-polar or only slightly polar, suggesting .......... fission and a mechanism of free radical .......... .

In the reaction C 2 H 6 + Cl 2 → C 2 H 5 Cl + HCl, the bonds are non-polar or only slightly polar, suggesting homolytic fission and a mechanism of free radical substitution .

Define heterolytic fission

Heterolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond in which both electrons go to one atom, forming a positive ion and a negative ion. It is shown using double-headed curly arrows.

How does bond polarity help predict the reaction mechanism when ethene reacts with HBr?

HBr contains a polar bond, suggesting heterolytic fission and a mechanism involving electrophiles or nucleophiles. The C=C double bond of ethene attracts electrophiles, so the mechanism is most likely electrophilic addition .

An electrophile is an electron-deficient species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. Electrophiles are produced when heterolytic fission forms a positive ion.

Name the three reaction types in which curly arrows are used to show electron movement.

Addition Substitution Elimination

A nucleophile is an electron-rich species that donates a lone pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. Nucleophiles attack positive or δ+ centres in a molecule.

International A Level (IAL)ChemistryEdexcelFlashcards2. Energetics, Group Chemistry, Halogenoalkanes & AlcoholsOrganic Chemistry: Introduction

Organic Chemistry: Introduction (Edexcel International A Level (IAL) Chemistry): Flashcards

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Define addition reaction

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Define addition reaction
Addition reaction is one in which two reactants combine to form a single product.
It is most commonly seen with alkenes, where the C=C double bond reacts with a small molecule such as H₂, Br₂ or H₂O.
In organic chemistry, how is oxidation defined in terms of hydrogen and oxygen?
Oxidation involves the loss of hydrogen or the gain of oxygen.
For example, an aldehyde is oxidised to a carboxylic acid: CH₃CHO + [O] → CH₃COOH.
Define elimination reaction
An elimination reaction is one in which a small molecule is removed from a reactant, forming an alkene as one of the products.
For example, a halogenoalkane can lose HBr to form an alkene.
In organic chemistry, how is reduction defined in terms of hydrogen and oxygen?
Reduction involves the gain of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen.
For example, an aldehyde is reduced to an alcohol: CH₃CHO + [H] → CH₃CH₂OH.
Define substitution reaction
A substitution reaction is one in which an atom or group of atoms in a compound is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
For example, CH₃CH₂Br + OH^- → C₂H₅OH + Br^-
In an addition polymerisation reaction, the ..........-.......... double bond of an alkene monomer breaks open and forms a long .......... chain.
In an addition polymerisation reaction, the carbon-carbon double bond of an alkene monomer breaks open and forms a long polymer chain.
Define hydrolysis reaction
A hydrolysis reaction is one in which a compound reacts with water, splitting the compound into smaller molecules.
For example, CH₃Cl + H₂O → CH₃OH + HCl.
True or False?
An elimination reaction always produces exactly one product.
False.
An elimination reaction typically produces more than one product. For example, a halogenoalkane reacting with OH^- under heat produces an alkene, water and a halide ion.
Name the seven types of organic reaction covered at AS level.
1. Addition
2. Elimination
3. Substitution
4. Oxidation
5. Reduction
6. Hydrolysis
7. Polymerisation
Define curly arrow (in reaction mechanisms)
A curly arrow is a symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of electrons.
Double-headed curly arrows show the movement of an electron pair. Single-headed (fish-hook) curly arrows show the movement of a single electron.
True or False?
Single-headed curly arrows show the movement of an electron pair.
False.
Single-headed (fish-hook) curly arrows show the movement of a single electron. Double-headed curly arrows show the movement of an electron pair.
Define homolytic fission
Homolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond in which one electron goes to each atom, forming two radicals.
It is shown using single-headed (fish-hook) curly arrows.
In the reaction C₂H₆ + Cl₂ → C₂H₅Cl + HCl, the bonds are non-polar or only slightly polar, suggesting .......... fission and a mechanism of free radical .......... .
In the reaction C₂H₆ + Cl₂ → C₂H₅Cl + HCl, the bonds are non-polar or only slightly polar, suggesting homolytic fission and a mechanism of free radical substitution.
Define heterolytic fission
Heterolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond in which both electrons go to one atom, forming a positive ion and a negative ion.
It is shown using double-headed curly arrows.
How does bond polarity help predict the reaction mechanism when ethene reacts with HBr?
HBr contains a polar bond, suggesting heterolytic fission and a mechanism involving electrophiles or nucleophiles.
The C=C double bond of ethene attracts electrophiles, so the mechanism is most likely electrophilic addition.
Define electrophile
An electrophile is an electron-deficient species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
Electrophiles are produced when heterolytic fission forms a positive ion.
Name the three reaction types in which curly arrows are used to show electron movement.
1. Addition
2. Substitution
3. Elimination
Define nucleophile
A nucleophile is an electron-rich species that donates a lone pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
Nucleophiles attack positive or δ+ centres in a molecule.

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