1. Atomic Structure

Particles in the Atom & Atomic Radius

Atomic Structure & Subatomic Particles

Determining Subatomic Structure

Variations in Atomic & Ionic Radius

Isotopes

Isotopes

Electrons, Energy Levels & Atomic Orbitals

Electronic Structure

Sub-shells & Orbitals

Electronic Configuration

Determining Electronic Configuration

Ionisation Energy

Defining Ionisation Energy

Ionisation Energy Trends

Ionisation Energy & Electronic Configuration

2. Atoms, Molecules & Stoichiometry

Relative Masses of Atoms & Molecules

Relative Masses

The Mole & the Avogadro Constant

The Mole & the Avogadro Constant

Formulas

Formulae

Balancing Equations

Empirical & Molecular Formulae

Water of Crystallisation

Reacting Masses & Volumes (of Solutions & Gases)

Reacting Masses & Volumes

3. Chemical Bonding

Electronegativity & Bonding

Electronegativity

Trends in Electronegativity

Electronegativity & Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding Examples

Metallic Bonding

Metallic Bonding

Covalent Bonding & Coordinate (Dative Covalent) Bonding

Covalent Bonding

Coordinate Bonding

Hybridisation

Bond Energy & Length

Shapes of Molecules

Shapes of Molecules

Intermolecular Forces, Electronegativity & Bond Properties

Hydrogen Bonding

Bond Polarity & Dipole Moments

Van der Waals' Forces

Inter & Intramolecular Forces

Dot & Cross Diagrams

Dot-&-Cross Diagrams

4. States of Matter

The Gaseous State: Ideal & Real Gases & pV = nRT

Gas Pressure

Ideal Gases

Bonding & Structure

Lattice Structures

Bonding & Structure

5. Chemical Energetics

Enthalpy Change, ΔH

Enthalpy Change, ΔH

Reaction Pathway Diagrams

Standard Enthalpy Change

Enthalpy & Bond Energies

Hess’s Law

Hess’s Law

6. Electrochemistry

Redox Processes: Electron Transfer & Changes in Oxidation Number (Oxidation State)

Oxidation Number Rules

Redox Reactions

Oxidising & Reducing Agents

7. Equilibria

Chemical Equilibria: Reversible Reactions & Dynamic Equilibrium

Chemical Equilibria

Le Chatelier's Principle

Equilibrium Constants, Kc & Kp

Equilibrium Constant Calculations

Changes Affecting the Equilibrium Constant

Equilibria in Industrial Processes

Brønsted–Lowry Theory of Acids & Bases

Acids & Bases

Brønsted–Lowry Theory

Acid & Base Dissociation

pH Scale

Strength of Acids & Bases

pH Titration Curves

Indicators used in Titration

8. Reaction Kinetics

Rate of Reaction

Rate of Reaction & Collision Theory

Rate of Reaction Calculations

Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates & the Concept of Activation Energy

Activation Energy & Boltzmann Distribution Curves

Homogeneous & Heterogeneous Catalysts

Types of Catalyst

9. The Periodic Table: Chemical Periodicity

Periodicity of Physical Properties of the Elements in Period 3

Physical Properties of the Period 3 Elements

Structure & Bonding of the Period 3 Elements

Periodicity of Chemical Properties of the Elements in Period 3

Reactions of the Period 3 Elements

Acid/Base Behaviour of the Period 3 Oxides & Hydroxides

Period 3 Chlorides

Electronegativity & Bonding of the Period 3 Elements

Period 3 Chlorides & Oxides

Chemical Periodicity of Other Elements

Chemical Periodicity of Other Elements

10. Group 2

Similarities & Trends in the Properties of the Group 2 Metals, Magnesium to Barium, & Their Compounds

Reactions of Group 2 Elements

Reactions of Group 2 Oxides, Hydroxides & Carbonates

Thermal Decomposition of Group 2 Nitrates & Carbonates

Physical & Chemical Trends in Group 2

Trends in Solubility of Group 2 Hydroxides & Sulfates

11. Group 17

Physical Properties of the Group 17 Elements

Physical Properties of the Group 17 Elements

The Chemical Properties of the Halogen Elements & the Hydrogen Halides

Chemical Properties of the Halogens & Hydrogen Halides

Some Reactions of the Halide Ions

Reactions of the Halide Ions

The Reactions of Chlorine

The Reactions of Chlorine

12. Nitrogen and Sulfur

Nitrogen and Sulfur

Nitrogen & its Compounds

Nitrogen Oxides

13. An Introduction to AS Level Organic Chemistry

Formulas, Functional Groups & the Naming of Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons & Alkanes

Functional Groups & their Formulae

Naming of Organic Compounds

Molecular & Empirical Formulae

Characteristic Organic Reactions

Characteristic Organic Reactions

Terminology Used in Reaction Mechanisms

Shapes of Organic Molecules; σ & π Bonds

Shapes of Organic Molecules; σ & π Bonds

Hybridisation in Organic Molecules

Planarity of Organic Molecules

Isomerism: Structural Isomerism & Stereoisomerism

Structural Isomerism

Stereoisomerism

Chirality

Isomers of Organic Compounds

14. Hydrocarbons

Alkanes

Producing Alkanes

Combustion & Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes

Free Radical Substitution

Cracking of Alkanes

Chemical Reactivity of Alkanes

Combustion of Alkanes

Alkenes

Producing Alkenes

Reactions of Alkenes

Test for Unsaturation

Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes

Markovnikov's Rule

15. Halogen Compounds

Halogenoalkanes

Producing Halogenoalkanes

Substitution Reactions of Halogenoalkanes

Elimination Reactions of Halogenoalkanes

SN1 & SN2

Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes

16. Hydroxy Compounds

Alcohols

Producing Alcohols

Reactions of Alcohols

Classifying & Testing for Alcohols

Acidity of Alcohols

17. Carbonyl Compounds

Aldehydes & Ketones

Producing Aldehydes & Ketones

Reactions of Aldehydes & Ketones

Reactions of Aldehydes & Ketones with HCN

Testing for Carbonyl Compounds

Iodoform Reaction

18. Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives

Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic Acids

Esters

Esters

19. Nitrogen Compounds

Primary Amines

Making Amines

Nitriles & Hydroxynitriles

Nitriles & Hydroxynitriles

20. Polymerisation

Addition Polymerisation

Addition Polymerisation

Disposal of Polymers

21 .Organic Synthesis

Organic Synthesis

Organic Synthesis

Multi-Step Synthesis

Synthetic Routes

22. Analytical Techniques

Infrared Spectroscopy

Infrared Spectroscopy

Mass Spectrometry

Mass Spectrometry

Isotopic Abundance & Relative Atomic Mass

Molecular Ion Peak & Fragmentation

The M+1 & M+2 Peaks

23. Chemical Energetics

Lattice Energy & Born-Haber Cycles

Lattice Energy & Enthalpy Change of Atomisation

Electron Affinity & Trends of Group 16 & 17 Elements

Constructing Born-Haber Cycles

Calculations using Born-Haber Cycles

Factors Affecting Lattice Energy

Enthalpies of Solution & Hydration

Enthalpies of Solution & Hydration

Constructing Energy Cycles

Energy Cycle Calculations

Factors Affecting Enthalpy of Hydration

Entropy Change, ΔS

Entropy & Entropy Change

Calculating Entropy Changes

Gibbs Free Energy Change, ΔG

Gibbs Free Energy Change & Gibbs Equation

Reaction Feasibility

24. Electrochemistry

Electrolysis

Electrolysis

Faraday's Law & Avogadro

Electrolysis: Calculations

Standard Electrode Potentials E⦵, Standard Cell Potentials E⦵cell & the Nernst Equation

Standard Electrode & Cell Potentials

Measuring the Standard Electrode Potential

Standard Cell Potential: Calculations, Electron Flow & Feasibility

Non-Standard Conditions

Nernst Equation

Standard Electrode Potentials: Free Energy Change

25. Equilibria

Acids & Bases

Conjugate Acids & Bases

pH, Ka, pKa & Kw Calculations

pH & [H+] Calculations

Buffers

Buffer Calculations

Solubility Product

Solubility Product Calculations

The Common Ion Effect

Partition Coefficients

Partition Coefficients

26. Reaction Kinetics

Simple Rate Equations, Orders of Reaction & Rate Constants

Chemical Kinetics Terminology

Chemical Kinetics Calculations

Half-Life

Rate Constant Calculations

Multi-Step Reactions

Factors affecting Rate Constant

Homogeneous & Heterogeneous Catalysts

Homogeneous & Heterogeneous Catalysts

27. Group 2

Similarities & Trends in the Properties of the Group 2 Metals, Magnesium to Barium, & Their Compounds

Similarities, Trends & Compounds of Magnesium to Barium

28. Chemistry of Transition Elements

General Physical & Chemical Properties of the First Row of Transition Elements, Titanium to Copper

The Transition Elements: Titanium to Copper

Oxidation States of Transition Metals

General Characteristic Chemical Properties of the First Set of Transition Elements, Titanium to Copper

Transition Metal Complexes

Ligands

Geometry of Complexes

Ligand Exchange

Predicting Feasibility of Redox Reactions

Redox Systems

Colour of Complexes

Degenerate & non-Degenerate d Orbitals

Coloured Complexes

Stereoisomerism in Transition Element Complexes

Stereoisomerism in Transition Element Complexes

Stability Constants, Kstab

Stability Constant, Kstab

Effect of Ligand Exchange on Stability Constant

29. An Introduction to A Level Organic Chemistry

Formulas, Functional Groups & the Naming of Organic Compounds

Functional Groups

Formulae of Functional Groups

Nomenclature of Compounds

Characteristic Organic Reactions

Organic Chemistry Terminology

Shapes of Aromatic Organic Molecules; σ & π Bonds

The Shape of Aromatic Molecules

Isomerism: Optical

Optical Isomers

Chirality & Drug Production

30. Hydrocarbons

Arenes

Reactions of Arenes

Electrophilic Substitution of Arenes

Location of Halogenation on Arenes

Directing Effects of Substituents on Arenes

31. Halogen Compounds

Halogen Compounds

Producing Halogenoarenes

Reactivity of Halogenoarenes

32. Hydroxy Compounds

Alcohols

Alcohols & Acyl Chlorides

Phenol

Producing Phenol

Reactions of Phenol

Acidity of Phenols

Nitration & Bromination of Phenol

Reactions of Other Phenolic Compounds

33. Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives

Carboxylic Acids

Producing Benzoic Acid

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids

Relative Acidities of Carboxylic Acids, Phenols & Alcohols

Relative Acidities of Chlorine-substituted Carboxylic Acids

Esters

Producing Esters

Acyl Chlorides

Acyl Chlorides

Addition-Elimination Reactions of Acyl Chlorides

Relative Ease of Hydrolysis

34. Nitrogen Compounds

Primary & Secondary Amines

Producing Amines

Producing Amides

Basicity of Amines

Phenylamine & Azo Compounds

Production & Reactions of Phenylamine

Relative Basicity of Ammonia, Ethylamine & Phenylamine

Azo Compounds

Amides

Reactions of Amides

Relative Basicity of Amides & Amines

Amino Acids

Amino Acids

Peptide Bonds

Electrophoresis

35. Polymerisation

Condensation Polymerisation

Formation of Polyesters

Formation of Polyamides

Repeat Units & Monomers

Predicting the Type of Polymerisation

Predicting & Deducing the Type of Polymerisation

Degradable Polymers

Degradability of Polymers

36. Organic Synthesis

Organic Synthesis

Elucidating Organic Molecules

Multi-step Synthetic Routes

Analysis of Synthetic Routes

37. Analytical Techniques

Thin-Layer Chromatography

Thin-Layer Chromatography

Gas/Liquid Chromatography

Gas/Liquid Chromatography

Interpreting Rf Values in GL Chromatography

Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy

Interpreting & Explaining Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy

Predicting Carbon-13 NMR Spectra

Proton (1H) NMR Spectroscopy

Proton (1H) NMR Spectroscopy

Tetramethylsilane (TMS) & Deuterated Solvents

Exam boards

• Edexcel A Level Chemistry
• OCR A Level Chemistry A
• AQA A Level Chemistry

Study tools

• Cambridge (CIE) A Level Chemistry · Exam Questions
• Cambridge (CIE) A Level Chemistry · Past Papers

Related links

• A Level Chemistry · Revision Notes
• A Level Chemistry · Exam Questions
• A Level Chemistry · Past Papers
• A Level Chemistry · Glossary