Total Fertility Rate (College Board AP® Environmental Science): Flashcards
0Still learning
Know0
- FrontTotal Fertility Rate
Define total fertility rate (TFR).
Was this flashcard helpful?
Cards in this collection (19)
Define total fertility rate (TFR).
The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime in a specific population.
How does the age at first childbirth affect TFR?
Earlier childbearing generally increases TFR, while delayed childbirth reduces it.
True or False?
Increased access to education for women is linked with a higher TFR.
False.
Female education is strongly linked with a lower TFR, because educated women tend to marry later, delay childbearing, and know more about family planning.
Define replacement-level fertility.
Replacement-level fertility is the TFR required for a population to replace itself without growth or decline.
Replacement-level fertility is typically around children per woman in developed countries.
Replacement-level fertility is typically around 2.1 children per woman in developed countries.
How does access to family planning affect TFR?
Access to contraception and reproductive health services lets women control the number and timing of their children, reducing unintended pregnancies and lowering TFR.
Define pro-natalist policy.
A pro-natalist policy encourages childbirth through incentives such as tax breaks and parental leave, for example in France and Hungary.
Define infant mortality rate (IMR).
The infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.
True or False?
Replacement-level fertility is slightly above 2 because some couples choose to have extra children.
False.
The 0.1 above 2 accounts for infant and child mortality, ensuring enough children survive to adulthood.
China's one-child policy is an example of an policy, aimed at reducing TFR.
China's one-child policy is an example of an anti-natalist policy, aimed at reducing TFR.
How has the global TFR changed over the last 50 years?
The global TFR has roughly halved, from 4.5 to 7 children per woman 50 years ago to around 2.3 today.
How does access to healthcare reduce the infant mortality rate?
Prenatal care supports mothers during pregnancy, and skilled healthcare professionals during childbirth reduce complications.
Why can a population at replacement-level fertility still change in size?
Immigration and emigration can cause population fluctuations, and high mortality in specific age groups can prevent stability.
Poor sanitation and lack of clean water increase the risk of waterborne diseases such as , a leading cause of infant deaths.
Poor sanitation and lack of clean water increase the risk of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea, a leading cause of infant deaths.
Why have low- and middle-income countries seen rapid falls in fertility?
Fertility has fallen due to the increased status and well-being of children and the empowerment of women through education, labor force participation, and improved rights.
True or False?
A mother's nutrition has little effect on infant mortality.
False.
Malnourished mothers are more likely to have complications in pregnancy and childbirth, and breastfeeding gives infants vital nutrients and immunity.
What are the benefits of a population staying at replacement-level fertility?
It prevents rapid growth that strains resources and infrastructure, and avoids population decline that can cause labor shortages and economic decline.
How do vaccination programs affect the infant mortality rate?
Immunization protects infants from preventable diseases such as measles, polio, and pneumonia, so widespread vaccination significantly reduces IMR.
How do a mother's education and family income affect the infant mortality rate?
Educated mothers know more about proper healthcare and nutrition, and higher-income families can afford better healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition, so IMR is lower.
Sign up to unlock flashcards
or