A student is given a list of seven random digits to remember while simultaneously solving a mental arithmetic problem. She struggles to hold all the digits in mind while working through the calculation.
Which of the following memory systems is most directly responsible for this limitation?
Working memory
Iconic memory
Procedural long-term memory
The phonological loop of episodic memory
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According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, information must pass through three stages to be retained in long-term memory. A student reads a phone number, repeats it silently to herself several times, and later recalls it from memory the next day.
Which of the following correctly traces the path of the phone number through the memory system?
Sensory memory → long-term memory → short-term memory
Sensory memory → short-term memory → long-term memory
Long-term memory → short-term memory → sensory memory
Short-term memory → long-term memory → sensory memory
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