Intelligence & Achievement (College Board AP® Psychology): Flashcards
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Define g factor.
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Cards in this collection (35)
Define g factor.
G factor is Spearman's concept of a single, general underlying intelligence that explains correlations across different cognitive tests.
Which psychologist proposed the g factor theory of intelligence?
Charles Spearman proposed the g factor, a single general intelligence underlying performance across cognitive tasks.
Define fluid intelligence.
Fluid intelligence is the ability to reason quickly, think flexibly, and solve novel problems without relying on previously learned knowledge.
Define crystallized intelligence.
Crystallized intelligence is accumulated knowledge and skills built up through experience and learning over a lifetime.
True or False?
Fluid intelligence improves throughout adulthood, unlike crystallized intelligence.
False.
Fluid intelligence peaks in early adulthood and declines, while crystallized intelligence remains stable or grows.
Crystallized intelligence tends to remain stable or even ______________ with age, unlike fluid intelligence, which declines.
Crystallized intelligence tends to remain stable or even increase with age, unlike fluid intelligence, which declines.
How many distinct intelligences did Howard Gardner identify in his theory?
Gardner identified eight distinct intelligences, including linguistic, spatial, and interpersonal intelligence.
Define practical intelligence.
Practical intelligence is the ability to apply knowledge effectively in real-world contexts, sometimes called "street smarts."
True or False?
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is universally accepted by psychologists.
False.
Gardner's theory is influential but controversial; critics argue some categories, such as musical intelligence, are better described as talents than intelligences.
What are the three types of intelligence in Sternberg's triarchic theory?
Sternberg's triarchic theory proposes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.
In Sternberg's triarchic theory, the ability to generate novel ideas and adapt to new situations is called ______________ intelligence.
In Sternberg's triarchic theory, the ability to generate novel ideas and adapt to new situations is called creative intelligence.
Which theory of intelligence best explains why a person excels in one specific domain, such as music, but not others?
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences best explains this, since it treats each domain, such as musical intelligence, as a distinct ability.
Define mental age.
Mental age is the level of intellectual functioning typical of a child of a given chronological age, a concept introduced by Alfred Binet.
What was the original purpose of Alfred Binet's intelligence test?
Binet designed his test to identify children who needed additional support in school.
Terman's IQ formula is: IQ = (mental age ÷ chronological age) × ____
Terman's IQ formula is: IQ = (mental age ÷ chronological age) × 100.
What term describes the modern method of calculating IQ by comparing a person's score to the average performance of others?
This is called deviation IQ.
True or False?
IQ scores follow a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.
True.
Approximately 68% of people score between 85 and 115, and about 95% score between 70 and 130.
Which age range does the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) cover?
The WISC is designed for children aged six to sixteen.
Define standardization.
Standardization means administering a test using consistent procedures and environments so that scores are comparable across individuals.
What is the difference between test-retest and split-half reliability?
Test-retest reliability compares scores from the same test given twice, while split-half reliability compares scores from two halves of the same test.
Define construct validity.
Construct validity is the degree to which a test actually measures the theoretical concept it claims to measure.
What type of validity describes whether an IQ test score accurately predicts future academic or professional performance?
This is called predictive validity.
Define stereotype threat.
Stereotype threat is when awareness of a negative stereotype about one's group causes a person to perform below their potential on a test.
True or False?
The Flynn effect, the rise in IQ scores over time, is best explained by genetic change.
False.
The Flynn effect is attributed to environmental and societal factors, such as improved nutrition, healthcare, and education.
Define achievement test.
An achievement test measures a person's current knowledge and skills in a specific domain that have already been learned.
Define aptitude test.
An aptitude test measures a person's potential to learn or perform in the future, rather than current knowledge.
Is the SAT best classified as an achievement test or an aptitude test?
The SAT is an aptitude test, designed to predict future performance in college rather than measure current knowledge.
True or False?
Achievement tests are designed to predict a person's future potential rather than measure current knowledge.
False.
Achievement tests measure current knowledge and skills already learned; aptitude tests predict future potential.
Why might a student with less educational opportunity score lower on an achievement test despite having similar intelligence to a peer?
Achievement tests measure the product of learning, so fewer opportunities to acquire the tested knowledge can lower scores regardless of underlying intelligence.
Define fixed mindset.
A fixed mindset is the belief that intelligence is a fixed, innate trait that cannot meaningfully change.
Define growth mindset.
A growth mindset is the belief that intelligence is malleable and can be developed through effort, practice, and learning from mistakes.
Which psychologist's research showed that students with a growth mindset consistently achieve more academically than those with a fixed mindset?
Carol Dweck's research showed this, even when students' baseline ability was similar.
People with a fixed mindset tend to avoid challenges and give up easily, interpreting effort as a sign of ______________.
People with a fixed mindset tend to avoid challenges and give up easily, interpreting effort as a sign of low ability.
True or False?
People can be taught to shift from a fixed mindset to a growth mindset, improving academic performance.
True.
Research shows this shift can be taught and has been shown to improve academic performance.
How does a fixed mindset relate to the concept of fluid intelligence?
A fixed mindset aligns with the belief that fluid intelligence is innate and cannot change.
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