Motivation (College Board AP® Psychology): Flashcards
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Define homeostasis.
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Cards in this collection (36)
Define homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the body's tendency to maintain stable internal conditions, such as blood sugar or temperature.
What does drive reduction theory propose motivates behavior?
Drive reduction theory proposes that biological needs create a drive, motivating behavior to restore homeostasis.
True or False?
Instinct theory explains human motivation as well as it explains animal migration patterns.
False.
Instinct theory is limited in explaining human motivation, because human behavior is flexible and shaped by learning rather than fixed, innate action patterns.
According to arousal theory, people seek stimulation when under-aroused and seek to reduce stimulation when ______________________.
According to arousal theory, people seek stimulation when under-aroused and seek to reduce stimulation when over-aroused.
Define Yerkes-Dodson law.
The Yerkes-Dodson law describes the inverted U-shaped relationship between arousal and performance, with optimal performance at moderate arousal.
Is performance on a complex or novel task best at low or high arousal?
Performance on a complex or novel task is best at lower levels of arousal, since high arousal causes anxiety and distraction.
What three needs does self-determination theory identify as core to intrinsic motivation?
Self-determination theory identifies autonomy, competence, and relatedness as the three core psychological needs supporting intrinsic motivation.
Define incentive theory.
Incentive theory proposes that behavior is motivated by external rewards, or incentives, that pull behavior toward them.
True or False?
Approach-avoidance conflict involves choosing between two entirely positive options.
False.
Approach-avoidance conflict involves a single option that has both positive and negative features, not a choice between two good options.
Which type of motivational conflict involves choosing between two undesirable options?
Avoidance-avoidance conflict involves choosing between two undesirable options, where one must still be chosen.
Define sensation-seeking theory.
Sensation-seeking theory proposes that individuals differ in their need for novel, varied, and intense experiences.
Which type of sensation seeking involves seeking stimulation through parties or substance use?
Disinhibition is the type of sensation seeking that involves seeking stimulation through social situations, parties, or substance use.
Define ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH).
The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) acts as a satiety center, signaling the body to stop eating when stimulated.
Define lateral hypothalamus (LH).
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) acts as a hunger center, signaling the body to start eating when stimulated.
Where is ghrelin produced?
Ghrelin is produced in the stomach and signals hunger to the brain when the stomach is empty.
Where is leptin produced?
Leptin is produced by fat cells and signals satiety to the brain when energy stores are high.
True or False?
Ghrelin levels rise after eating and fall when the stomach is empty.
False.
Ghrelin levels rise when the stomach is empty and fall after eating, signaling hunger rather than satiety.
The hypothalamus regulates the body's ________________, which is its target weight that it tries to maintain.
The hypothalamus regulates the body's set point, which is its target weight that it tries to maintain.
Define Garcia effect.
The Garcia effect is the acquisition of a taste aversion in a single trial, through classical conditioning linking taste to illness.
How does the mere visibility of food affect eating, even without hunger?
The mere visibility of food increases the likelihood of eating, even when a person is not physiologically hungry.
True or False?
People eat significantly more food when dining in a large group than when eating alone.
True.
Research shows people eat up to 75% more food when eating in a large group compared with eating alone.
What type of learning explains hunger triggered by the smell of popcorn in a cinema?
Classical conditioning explains this, as a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned cue that triggers appetite through repeated pairing with eating.
Why might someone feel hungry at noon even after a late breakfast?
This reflects a learned, time-based hunger cue, as repeated association between a specific time and eating creates habitual hunger independent of biological need.
How does cultural background influence which foods people find appetizing?
People generally prefer familiar foods from their own cultural background and find unfamiliar foods less appealing, regardless of nutritional content.
Define overjustification effect.
The overjustification effect occurs when rewarding an already intrinsically motivating activity reduces a person's intrinsic interest in it.
What is the need for affiliation?
The need for affiliation is the motivation to form and maintain positive relationships with others.
True or False?
Social isolation is linked to poor health and increased mortality.
True.
Social isolation is linked to poor health, increased mortality, and reduced wellbeing.
What are three consequences of deliberate social ostracism?
Deliberate exclusion, or ostracism, can lead to low self-esteem, aggression, and depression.
Define achievement motivation.
Achievement motivation is the desire to meet goals, master skills, and achieve excellence, driven primarily by challenge rather than reward.
People with high achievement motivation prefer tasks that provide clear ______________.
People with high achievement motivation prefer tasks that provide clear feedback on performance.
Define self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to succeed at a specific task.
How does low self-efficacy affect a person's approach to challenges?
Low self-efficacy leads to avoidance of challenges, less effort, and lower achievement, which further weakens self-efficacy.
True or False?
Self-efficacy and achievement motivation always occur together in the same person.
False.
A person can have high achievement motivation yet still lack belief in their ability, so the two can occur independently.
What kind of goals do people with high achievement motivation set?
They set realistic but challenging goals that are neither too easy nor impossible to achieve.
What benefits does intrinsic motivation offer over extrinsic motivation in achievement contexts?
Intrinsic motivation leads to deeper learning, greater creativity, and more persistent engagement than extrinsic motivation alone.
Define need to belong.
The need to belong is a fundamental human motivation to form relationships, shaped by both intrinsic meaning and external social approval.
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