Social-Emotional Development Across the Lifespan (College Board AP® Psychology): Flashcards
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Define ecological systems theory.
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Cards in this collection (22)
Define ecological systems theory.
Ecological systems theory is Urie Bronfenbrenner's framework for understanding how five interconnected layers of the social environment influence development across the lifespan.
Which of Bronfenbrenner's systems includes the settings a person has direct, face-to-face contact with, such as family and school?
The system that includes settings a person has direct, face-to-face contact with, such as family and school, is the microsystem.
True or False?
The mesosystem refers to the relationships and interactions between settings within a person's microsystem, such as between a child's parents and teachers.
True.
The mesosystem captures how microsystem settings interact with and affect each other, such as how a child's home life shapes their performance at school.
Define chronosystem.
The chronosystem is the dimension of time in Bronfenbrenner's model, including how an individual's developmental stage and historical events shape development.
According to Erikson, the psychosocial conflict of adolescence is identity vs. __________________________.
According to Erikson, the psychosocial conflict of adolescence is identity vs. role confusion.
During which stage of Erikson's theory must a child resolve the conflict, "Can I be competent?"
A child must resolve the conflict, "Can I be competent?" during the industry vs. inferiority stage of middle childhood.
Define identity achievement, one of Marcia's identity statuses.
Identity achievement is the identity status in which an adolescent has actively explored different possibilities and committed to a clear identity.
Which of Marcia's identity statuses describes an adolescent who is actively exploring options but has not yet committed to an identity?
The identity status describing an adolescent who is actively exploring options but has not yet committed to an identity is moratorium.
True or False?
The personal fable is the adolescent belief that one is constantly being observed and judged by others.
False.
The belief that one is constantly observed and judged by others is the imaginary audience; the personal fable is the belief that one's experiences are uniquely special and that one is immune to the consequences affecting others.
Define social clock.
The social clock is the culturally determined timeline for when major life events, such as marriage or retirement, are expected to occur.
What term describes traumatic or stressful events experienced during childhood, such as abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction?
Traumatic or stressful events experienced during childhood, such as abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction, are known as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).
Define authoritative parenting.
Authoritative parenting is a style combining high expectations with warmth, explanation, and consistent enforcement of rules.
Define neglectful (uninvolved) parenting.
Neglectful, or uninvolved, parenting is a style characterized by low warmth and low expectations, with parents providing little guidance or involvement.
Which parenting style combines high warmth with low expectations and few demands on the child?
The parenting style combining high warmth with low expectations and few demands is permissive parenting.
True or False?
Authoritarian parenting is associated with poorer outcomes for children across all cultures.
False.
Authoritarian parenting is linked to poorer outcomes in some Western samples, but it is associated with high academic achievement in some East Asian and African American families.
Bowlby proposed a critical period for attachment formation of approximately the first ________________, with sensitivity extending to around age five.
Bowlby proposed a critical period for attachment formation of approximately the first 2.5 years, with sensitivity extending to around age five.
Define internal working model.
The internal working model is a mental representation of relationships, built from an infant's experience with their primary caregiver, that shapes expectations about future relationships.
In Harlow's monkey studies, which type of surrogate mother did infant monkeys spend most of their time clinging to, regardless of which one dispensed milk?
In Harlow's monkey studies, infant monkeys spent most of their time clinging to the cloth-covered surrogate mother, regardless of which one dispensed milk.
In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, how does a securely attached infant typically behave at reunion with the caregiver?
A securely attached infant typically seeks and accepts comfort from the caregiver and settles quickly at reunion.
True or False?
Insecure-avoidant infants show high distress during separation and resist comfort at reunion.
False.
Insecure-avoidant infants show little or no distress during separation and ignore or avoid the caregiver at reunion; it is insecure-anxious infants who show high distress and resist comfort.
Define monotropy.
Monotropy is Bowlby's claim that infants form one primary attachment figure before any others, with this bond shaping all later relationships.
Which insecure attachment style is more common in Northern European samples than in East Asian or Israeli samples?
Insecure-avoidant attachment is more common in Northern European samples than in East Asian or Israeli samples.
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