Social, Cognitive & Neurological Factors in Learning (College Board AP® Psychology): Flashcards
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Define observational learning.
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Cards in this collection (22)
Define observational learning.
Observational learning is the acquisition of behavior by observing the behavior of others and its consequences, without needing direct personal experience of reinforcement.
What term describes the individual whose behavior is observed and potentially imitated?
This individual is called a model, and can be a live person, a symbolic model, or a verbal model.
True or False?
Bandura's 1963 extension found that filmed and cartoon models produced similar levels of imitation as live models.
True.
This showed that a live human model is not necessary for observational learning, supporting concerns about the influence of media models on behavior.
The first of Bandura's four conditions for observational learning is ________________, in which the learner must notice the behavior being demonstrated.
The first of Bandura's four conditions for observational learning is attention, in which the learner must notice the behavior being demonstrated.
Which of Bandura's four conditions for observational learning comes immediately after retention?
Reproduction comes immediately after retention; the learner must have the physical or cognitive skills needed to perform the behavior.
Define symbolic model.
A symbolic model is a character in a book, film, or other media whose behavior can be observed and imitated, rather than a real person.
In Bandura's Bobo doll study, which children showed significantly higher levels of aggression?
Children who had observed the aggressive adult model showed significantly higher aggression than those in the non-aggressive control condition.
True or False?
Bandura's research found no evidence that behavior could be learned without direct reinforcement.
False.
Bandura concluded that behavior can be learned through observation alone, without any direct reinforcement of the observer.
Children in Bandura's study imitated same-sex models more strongly, showing that imitation is influenced by model __________________.
Children in Bandura's study imitated same-sex models more strongly, showing that imitation is influenced by model similarity.
Which ethical concern suggests children may have imitated aggression because they believed it was expected, not because they had truly learned it?
This concern is demand characteristics, as children may have acted on perceived expectations rather than genuine learning of the aggressive behavior.
Define vicarious reinforcement.
Vicarious reinforcement occurs when an observer's motivation to imitate a behavior increases after seeing a model rewarded for performing it.
Which of Bandura's four conditions depends on vicarious reinforcement or punishment giving the learner a reason to copy a behavior?
Motivation is the condition that depends on vicarious reinforcement or punishment providing a reason to reproduce the observed behavior.
Define insight learning.
Insight learning occurs when a solution suddenly becomes apparent, without prior reinforcement, association, or observation of a model.
Which researcher studied insight learning in chimpanzees on the island of Tenerife?
Wolfgang Köhler (1917) studied insight learning in chimpanzees on the island of Tenerife.
Sultan the chimpanzee solved the problem by stacking ________ and climbing up to reach a suspended banana.
Sultan the chimpanzee solved the problem by stacking boxes and climbing up to reach a suspended banana.
True or False?
Insight learning can be fully explained by classical and operant conditioning.
False.
Insight learning cannot be explained by classical or operant conditioning, as there is no stimulus pairing or reinforcement involved; it reflects internal cognitive reorganization.
Define latent learning.
Latent learning occurs when learning takes place without reinforcement and is not immediately shown in behavior, only being expressed once it becomes useful.
Which researcher conducted the classic maze experiments on latent learning using rats?
Edward Tolman (1930s) conducted the classic maze experiments on latent learning using rats.
In Tolman's study, rats in Group 3 showed a sudden improvement in maze performance once a ____________________ was introduced from trial eleven onward.
In Tolman's study, rats in Group 3 showed a sudden improvement in maze performance once a food reward was introduced from trial eleven onward.
Define cognitive map.
A cognitive map is a mental representation of a physical space or environment that allows an organism to store and later use spatial information.
What key distinction does latent learning demonstrate between acquiring knowledge and demonstrating it?
Latent learning demonstrates that learning and performance are separate; knowledge can be acquired without being shown until motivation to express it appears.
What cognitive process is thought to underlie insight learning, linking it closely to creativity?
Internal cognitive reorganization, a sudden restructuring of how a problem is understood, underlies insight learning and links it to creativity.
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