Gender & Sexual Orientation (College Board AP® Psychology): Flashcards
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What term refers to the biological characteristics that distinguish males and females, such as chromosomes and anatomy?
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What term refers to the biological characteristics that distinguish males and females, such as chromosomes and anatomy?
Sex refers to the biological characteristics that distinguish males and females, including chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive anatomy.
Define gender identity.
Gender identity is a person's internal sense of their own gender, which may be binary, non-binary, or different from the sex assigned at birth.
Define gender roles.
Gender roles are the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations that a culture associates with being male or female.
True or False?
Gender roles are identical across all cultures.
False.
Gender roles vary widely across cultures; a behavior considered masculine in one culture may be considered feminine or gender-neutral in another.
What term describes displaying both stereotypically masculine and feminine characteristics?
Androgyny describes displaying both stereotypically masculine and feminine characteristics.
Which theory proposes that children learn gender roles through observation, imitation, and reinforcement?
Social learning theory proposes that gender roles are learned through observation, imitation, and reinforcement.
In ________________ reinforcement, children observe others being rewarded or punished for gender-typed behavior.
In vicarious reinforcement, children observe others being rewarded or punished for gender-typed behavior.
What did Fagot and Leinbach (1995) find about four-year-olds in traditional families?
Fagot and Leinbach (1995) found that four-year-olds in traditional families displayed more gender role stereotyping and used gender labels earlier than children in less traditional families.
Define gender schema theory.
Gender schema theory proposes that children develop cognitive frameworks about what is associated with being male or female, which they use to organize understanding and guide behavior.
What did Martin and Halverson (1983) find about children's memory for gender-related pictures?
Martin and Halverson (1983) found that children under six recalled more gender-consistent pictures than gender-inconsistent pictures, supporting that gender schemas influence memory.
True or False?
Margaret Mead's 1935 research in Papua New Guinea found gender roles to be fixed and biologically determined.
False.
Mead found that gender roles and behaviors were not fixed but culturally bound, challenging the assumption that gender differences are universal.
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