Models of Memory (College Board AP® Psychology): Flashcards
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Define sensory memory.
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Define sensory memory.
Sensory memory is a brief holding store for all incoming sensory information before it is processed further.
What is the difference between iconic and echoic memory?
Iconic memory stores visual information for about a quarter to half a second, while echoic memory stores auditory information for about three to four seconds.
True or False?
Short-term memory information is primarily encoded semantically, based on meaning.
False.
STM information is primarily encoded acoustically, as sound, not semantically.
According to Miller (1956), short-term memory can hold approximately ________ items, plus or minus two.
According to Miller (1956), short-term memory can hold approximately seven items, plus or minus two.
What technique increases STM capacity by grouping information into meaningful units?
Chunking increases STM capacity by grouping individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units.
Define elaborative rehearsal.
Elaborative rehearsal is deeper processing that connects new information to existing knowledge, making it more effective for transfer to LTM.
True or False?
Long-term memory has a limited capacity and cannot store an unlimited amount of information.
False.
LTM has a potentially unlimited capacity; no ceiling has been found on how much it can store.
What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory?
Episodic memory stores personal events, while semantic memory stores general facts and knowledge.
Define procedural memory.
Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory for skills and procedures, such as riding a bike.
What did the case study of patient HM demonstrate about memory?
Patient HM's hippocampus removal showed intact LTM alongside an inability to transfer new information from STM, suggesting STM and LTM are neurologically distinct.
The serial position effect shows that recall is best for items at the beginning and end of a list, known as the ____________ and recency effects.
The serial position effect shows that recall is best for items at the beginning and end of a list, known as the primacy and recency effects.
What biological process strengthens synaptic connections through frequent neuronal activation?
Long-term potentiation (LTP) strengthens synaptic connections between neurons that fire together repeatedly.
Define central executive.
The central executive is the control center of working memory that monitors, directs, and coordinates the other components.
Which working memory component handles verbal and auditory information?
The phonological loop handles verbal and auditory information, replaying sounds like an inner voice.
Define visuospatial sketchpad.
The visuospatial sketchpad is the component that creates and manipulates mental images, acting like an inner eye.
True or False?
Performing two tasks that use the same working memory component causes less interference than performing two tasks that use different components.
False.
Two tasks using the same component cause more interference than two tasks using different components.
Who proposed the working memory model?
Baddeley and Hitch (1974) proposed the working memory model.
The central executive has ____________ capacity and cannot process unlimited information simultaneously.
The central executive has limited capacity and cannot process unlimited information simultaneously.
Why does a difficult driving situation often force a driver to stop talking?
Because the central executive has limited capacity and must allocate attention away from conversation toward the demanding driving task.
How does the working memory model's view of short-term storage differ from the multi-store model's view?
The working memory model views it as an active, multi-component system, while the multi-store model views it as a single, passive store.
True or False?
The working memory model fully explains how long-term memory operates.
False.
The working memory model's main limitation is that it does not fully explain LTM.
Listening to music with lyrics while reading is more disruptive than listening to instrumental music while reading. Why?
Lyrics engage the phonological loop, the same component used for reading text, causing greater interference.
What is one strength of the working memory model compared to the multi-store model?
The working memory model explains how memory is used during active thinking, unlike the multi-store model, which only explains overall structure.
Define the levels of processing model.
The levels of processing model proposes that how well information is remembered depends on how deeply it is processed at encoding, rather than which memory store it passes through.
Which psychologists proposed the levels of processing model in 1972?
Craik and Lockhart proposed the levels of processing model in 1972.
Define structural processing.
Structural processing is the shallowest level of processing, based on the physical appearance of information, such as noticing that a word is written in capital letters.
True or False?
The levels of processing model proposes that memory strength depends on which store information passes through, not how deeply it is processed.
False.
The levels of processing model proposes that memory strength depends on the depth of processing at encoding; it is the multi-store model that focuses on separate memory stores.
Define phonemic processing.
Phonemic processing is an intermediate level of processing based on the sound of information, such as noticing that a word rhymes with another word.
Which level of processing produces the strongest, most durable memory traces?
Semantic processing produces the strongest, most durable memory traces, because meaning creates rich connections to existing knowledge in long-term memory.
Information processed only at the structural level produces memory traces that are weak and shallow, and that quickly ________.
Information processed only at the structural level produces memory traces that are weak and shallow, and that quickly fade.
Define elaborative rehearsal.
Elaborative rehearsal is processing information in a way that promotes meaning and connects it to existing knowledge, making it more effective for transferring information to long-term memory than maintenance rehearsal.
Does maintenance rehearsal typically involve shallow or deep processing?
Maintenance rehearsal typically involves shallow processing, since it is simple repetition without attention to meaning.
Define the self-reference effect.
The self-reference effect is the finding that information is better remembered when it is related to oneself, because this triggers deep, personally meaningful processing.
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