Emotion (College Board AP® Psychology): Flashcards
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- FrontTheories of Emotion
Define emotion.
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Cards in this collection (24)
Define emotion.
Emotion is a complex psychological process involving physiological, behavioral, and cognitive responses to internal and external stimuli.
What are the three components of emotion?
Emotion consists of physiological, behavioral, and cognitive components that interact to produce the emotional experience.
True or False?
In the theory where physiological experience precedes emotion, a person first notices their body's reaction and then experiences the emotion.
True.
In this theory, a stimulus produces a physiological response, which the person interprets, producing the experience of emotion afterward.
What is a key challenge to the theory in which physiological experience precedes emotion?
Many emotions share similar physiological states, such as fear and excitement, making them difficult to distinguish based on physiology alone.
In the theory of simultaneous experience, physiological arousal and emotional experience occur ________________________.
In the theory of simultaneous experience, physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.
According to the cognitive labeling theory, what determines which emotion is experienced?
Cognitive interpretation of arousal, shaped by situational context, determines which specific emotion is experienced.
Define facial feedback hypothesis.
The facial feedback hypothesis proposes that facial expressions influence emotional experience, such as smiling increasing feelings of happiness.
True or False?
Research on the facial feedback hypothesis has consistently replicated the same strong effect across all studies.
False.
Research on the facial feedback hypothesis has produced mixed results, with some studies failing to replicate the original findings.
In the cognitive labeling theory, what happens if a person is already aroused before an emotional stimulus occurs?
Existing arousal adds to the total arousal attributed to the stimulus, so the person experiences the emotion more intensely.
Define broaden-and-build theory.
The broaden-and-build theory proposes that positive emotions broaden awareness and build long-term resources, while negative emotions narrow focus onto immediate threats.
How do negative emotions affect awareness and action, according to the broaden-and-build theory?
Negative emotions narrow awareness and trigger urgent action tendencies, such as fight, flight, or withdrawal.
What long-term outcome does the broaden-and-build theory associate with positive emotions?
Positive emotions build long-term resources, such as knowledge, stronger relationships, and greater resilience.
Define display rules.
Display rules are culturally learned norms that regulate how, when, and how intensely emotions are expressed.
What did Ekman's research find about facial expressions across cultures?
Ekman found high agreement across diverse cultures, including pre-literate societies, for six basic emotions: anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear.
True or False?
Ekman concluded that facial expressions for the six basic emotions are culturally learned rather than innate.
False.
Ekman concluded that these facial expressions are innate rather than culturally transmitted, based on the cross-cultural agreement he found.
What is one piece of evidence against full universality of emotional expression?
Research has found higher accuracy within cultures than between cultures when people identify others' emotional expressions.
An elicitor is an event or situation that ____________ an emotional response.
An elicitor is an event or situation that triggers an emotional response.
How do individualistic cultures typically treat emotional expression compared with collectivist cultures?
Individualistic cultures, such as the United States, tend to encourage emotional expression, while collectivist cultures emphasize restraint.
How might winning a prize elicit different emotions in individualistic versus collectivist cultures?
Winning a prize may elicit pride and open celebration in an individualistic culture, but embarrassment or discomfort in a collectivist culture.
True or False?
Display rules vary only by culture and not by factors such as gender or age.
False.
Display rules vary by culture, gender, age, and socioeconomic class, not by culture alone.
How does emotional expression change as children grow older?
Young children express emotions freely, but expression becomes more regulated as children age into adulthood.
How might strong display rules affect the broaden-and-build effect of positive emotions?
In cultures with strong display rules suppressing positive emotion, the broadening effect may be reduced, though evidence remains inconclusive.
Why is it harder to confirm universal emotion recognition using self-generated labels?
Agreement rates are lower when participants generate their own labels for emotions, rather than choosing from a fixed list.
Define collectivist culture.
A collectivist culture is one that emphasizes group harmony and restraint, discouraging standing out through open emotional expression.
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