Chunking is the process of grouping individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units to improve encoding, without increasing the number of slots in short-term memory.

Which mnemonic technique involves mentally placing items at locations along a familiar route?

The method of loci is the mnemonic technique that involves mentally placing items at locations along a familiar route.

Define the dual-coding hypothesis .

The dual-coding hypothesis proposes that encoding information in both verbal and visual formats creates two memory traces, making recall more likely than using only one format.

True or False? Massed practice, or cramming, produces better long-term retention than distributed practice.

False. Distributed practice produces significantly better long-term retention than massed practice, which produces only short-term retention.

The spacing effect shows that encoding is more effective when study sessions are ______________________ over time rather than concentrated into one session.

The spacing effect shows that encoding is more effective when study sessions are distributed over time rather than concentrated into one session.

In the serial position curve, why are items at the beginning of a list well remembered?

Items at the beginning of a list are well remembered due to the primacy effect , because they have been rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory.

Define the recency effect .

The recency effect is the finding that items at the end of a list are well remembered because they are still held in short-term memory at the time of recall.

Does the serial position effect support the multi-store model or the levels of processing model?

The serial position effect supports the multi-store model , because recall differs depending on which memory store, short-term or long-term, an item has reached.

Define anterograde amnesia .

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new long-term memories following a brain injury or illness, while memories from before the injury remain intact.

Which memory store has a duration of only eighteen to thirty seconds without rehearsal?

Short-term memory has a duration of only eighteen to thirty seconds without rehearsal.

Define retrograde amnesia .

Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall memories from before a brain injury or trauma, while the ability to form new memories remains intact.

What does the case of patient HM demonstrate about the hippocampus ?

Patient HM's case demonstrates that the hippocampus is critical for encoding new memories into long-term memory, since its removal caused anterograde amnesia.

Recall is a type of retrieval in which information is reproduced from memory without external cues , such as answering a free-response exam question.

Why is recognition generally easier than recall?

Recognition is generally easier than recall because the stimulus itself acts as a retrieval cue .

Recognition is a type of retrieval in which previously encountered information is identified when it is presented , relying on retrieval cues such as those in a multiple-choice question.

True or False? State-dependent memory means that information learned under the influence of a substance is more easily recalled in the same state, and this makes the memory accurate.

False. State-dependent memory enhances recall when a person is in the same internal state as encoding, but this does not mean the memories are accurate .

Define context-dependent memory .

Context-dependent memory is the finding that retrieval is enhanced when a person is in the same physical environment as when the information was encoded.

The forgetting curve shows that most forgetting happens in the first few ________ and days after encoding.

The forgetting curve shows that most forgetting happens in the first few hours and days after encoding.

Which type of interference occurs when older information disrupts recall of newer information?

Proactive interference occurs when older information disrupts the recall of newer information.

Define retroactive interference .

Retroactive interference occurs when newer information disrupts the recall of older information.

True or False? Repression, the unconscious pushing of distressing memories out of awareness, is a well-supported, widely accepted explanation for forgetting.

False. Repression is a psychodynamic concept that is not well supported by experimental evidence, and most memory researchers are skeptical of it.

Define the testing effect .

The testing effect is the finding that actively retrieving information from memory during study, rather than re-reading it, significantly improves long-term retention.

In Loftus' car crash study, which verb was paired with lower speed estimates and fewer false reports of broken glass?

The verb "contacted" was paired with lower speed estimates and fewer false reports of broken glass, compared with "smashed."

Define source amnesia .

Source amnesia, or source confusion, occurs when a person remembers information but forgets or misattributes where it came from .

AP®PsychologyCollege BoardFlashcardsCognitionMemory Processes

Memory Processes (College Board AP® Psychology): Flashcards

1/24

0Still learning

Know0

FrontEncoding & Storage
Define chunking.

Was this flashcard helpful?

Cards in this collection (24)

Define chunking.
Chunking is the process of grouping individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units to improve encoding, without increasing the number of slots in short-term memory.
Which mnemonic technique involves mentally placing items at locations along a familiar route?
The method of loci is the mnemonic technique that involves mentally placing items at locations along a familiar route.
Define the dual-coding hypothesis.
The dual-coding hypothesis proposes that encoding information in both verbal and visual formats creates two memory traces, making recall more likely than using only one format.
True or False?
Massed practice, or cramming, produces better long-term retention than distributed practice.
False.
Distributed practice produces significantly better long-term retention than massed practice, which produces only short-term retention.
The spacing effect shows that encoding is more effective when study sessions are ______________________ over time rather than concentrated into one session.
The spacing effect shows that encoding is more effective when study sessions are distributed over time rather than concentrated into one session.
In the serial position curve, why are items at the beginning of a list well remembered?
Items at the beginning of a list are well remembered due to the primacy effect, because they have been rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory.
Define the recency effect.
The recency effect is the finding that items at the end of a list are well remembered because they are still held in short-term memory at the time of recall.
Does the serial position effect support the multi-store model or the levels of processing model?
The serial position effect supports the multi-store model, because recall differs depending on which memory store, short-term or long-term, an item has reached.
Define anterograde amnesia.
Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new long-term memories following a brain injury or illness, while memories from before the injury remain intact.
Which memory store has a duration of only eighteen to thirty seconds without rehearsal?
Short-term memory has a duration of only eighteen to thirty seconds without rehearsal.
Define retrograde amnesia.
Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall memories from before a brain injury or trauma, while the ability to form new memories remains intact.
What does the case of patient HM demonstrate about the hippocampus?
Patient HM's case demonstrates that the hippocampus is critical for encoding new memories into long-term memory, since its removal caused anterograde amnesia.
Define recall.
Recall is a type of retrieval in which information is reproduced from memory without external cues, such as answering a free-response exam question.
Why is recognition generally easier than recall?
Recognition is generally easier than recall because the stimulus itself acts as a retrieval cue.
Define recognition.
Recognition is a type of retrieval in which previously encountered information is identified when it is presented, relying on retrieval cues such as those in a multiple-choice question.
True or False?
State-dependent memory means that information learned under the influence of a substance is more easily recalled in the same state, and this makes the memory accurate.
False.
State-dependent memory enhances recall when a person is in the same internal state as encoding, but this does not mean the memories are accurate.
Define context-dependent memory.
Context-dependent memory is the finding that retrieval is enhanced when a person is in the same physical environment as when the information was encoded.
The forgetting curve shows that most forgetting happens in the first few ________ and days after encoding.
The forgetting curve shows that most forgetting happens in the first few hours and days after encoding.
Which type of interference occurs when older information disrupts recall of newer information?
Proactive interference occurs when older information disrupts the recall of newer information.
Define retroactive interference.
Retroactive interference occurs when newer information disrupts the recall of older information.
True or False?
Repression, the unconscious pushing of distressing memories out of awareness, is a well-supported, widely accepted explanation for forgetting.
False.
Repression is a psychodynamic concept that is not well supported by experimental evidence, and most memory researchers are skeptical of it.
Define the testing effect.
The testing effect is the finding that actively retrieving information from memory during study, rather than re-reading it, significantly improves long-term retention.
In Loftus' car crash study, which verb was paired with lower speed estimates and fewer false reports of broken glass?
The verb "contacted" was paired with lower speed estimates and fewer false reports of broken glass, compared with "smashed."
Define source amnesia.
Source amnesia, or source confusion, occurs when a person remembers information but forgets or misattributes where it came from.

Sign up to unlock flashcards

By signing up you agree to our Terms and Privacy Policy

Previous:Models of MemoryNext:Intelligence & Achievement