Explaining & Classifying Psychological Disorders (College Board AP® Psychology): Flashcards
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Define dysfunction as a criterion for disorder.
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Cards in this collection (24)
Define dysfunction as a criterion for disorder.
Dysfunction is behavior or mental processes that significantly and persistently impair a person's ability to function in daily life, such as work or relationships.
Define distress as a criterion for disorder.
Distress is the subjective experience of suffering caused by a mental state or behavior, reflecting how the individual feels rather than how others judge it.
Which criterion for disorder refers to behavior that is statistically rare or violates social norms?
Deviance refers to behavior that is statistically rare or violates the social norms of a given culture.
True or False?
Deviance alone is sufficient to classify a behavior as a psychological disorder.
False.
Many statistically rare behaviors, such as exceptional ability, are deviant but not disordered, so deviance alone cannot define disorder.
Although distress usually accompanies a psychological disorder, it is sometimes absent, for example in some personality ________________.
Although distress usually accompanies a psychological disorder, it is sometimes absent, for example in some personality disorders.
What is one possible negative consequence of receiving a psychological diagnosis?
A diagnosis can attach a stigmatizing label that affects how others perceive and treat the person.
True or False?
Cultural norms can influence what is considered deviant, so the same behavior may be classified as disordered in one culture but not another.
True.
For example, experiencing visual hallucinations may be treated as a symptom of disorder in some cultures but as normal in others.
Define DSM.
The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) is the diagnostic system published by the American Psychiatric Association and used primarily in the United States.
Which organization publishes the ICD?
The World Health Organization (WHO) publishes the ICD.
What is the current version of the DSM?
The current version of the DSM is the DSM-5-TR.
True or False?
Unlike the DSM, the ICD classifies only mental disorders and not physical diseases.
False.
The International Classification of Diseases classifies both mental and physical disorders, unlike the DSM, which covers only mental disorders.
Which diagnostic system is used internationally, particularly in Europe and developing countries?
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is used internationally, particularly in Europe and developing countries.
Define eclectic approach.
The eclectic approach draws on more than one psychological perspective when diagnosing and treating clients, since no single perspective fully explains disorder causes.
According to the behavioral perspective, how do psychological disorders develop?
According to the behavioral perspective, disorders develop through maladaptive learned associations formed by classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or observational learning.
According to the psychodynamic perspective, what causes psychological disorders?
According to the psychodynamic perspective, disorders arise from unresolved, repressed unconscious conflicts, often formed in childhood.
True or False?
The humanistic perspective explains psychological disorders as resulting from having unconditional positive regard.
False.
The humanistic perspective attributes disorder to a lack of unconditional positive regard and incongruence between a person's real and ideal self.
The cognitive perspective explains psychological disorders as resulting from maladaptive thought ______________, such as catastrophizing or all-or-nothing thinking.
The cognitive perspective explains psychological disorders as resulting from maladaptive thought patterns, such as catastrophizing or all-or-nothing thinking.
According to the evolutionary perspective, why can once-adaptive responses like anxiety become maladaptive today?
According to the evolutionary perspective, responses such as anxiety that helped detect ancestral threats can be maladaptively triggered by modern, non-dangerous stressors.
Which perspective attributes psychological disorders to factors such as racism, poverty, and social isolation?
The sociocultural perspective attributes psychological disorders to maladaptive social and cultural factors such as racism, poverty, and social isolation.
True or False?
The biological perspective explains psychological disorders only in terms of learned associations.
False.
The biological perspective attributes disorders to physiological or genetic factors, such as neurotransmitter imbalances or brain structure, not learned associations.
Define biopsychosocial model.
The biopsychosocial model proposes that psychological disorders arise from the interdependent interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
Define diathesis-stress model.
The diathesis-stress model explains disorder as the interaction between a genetic or biological vulnerability and environmental stress that activates it.
What type of research provides strong evidence for the diathesis-stress model?
Twin studies provide strong evidence for the diathesis-stress model, since identical twins show higher concordance rates for disorders than fraternal twins.
True or False?
A genetic predisposition guarantees that a person will develop a psychological disorder.
False.
Concordance rates are not 100% even in identical twins, showing that genetic vulnerability alone is insufficient without environmental stress.
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