Treatment of Psychological Disorders (College Board AP® Psychology): Flashcards
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Define meta-analysis.
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Cards in this collection (60)
Define meta-analysis.
A meta-analysis is a research method that combines results from many studies to identify overall trends in treatment effectiveness.
Which term describes the relationship of trust and collaboration between a therapist and client?
The therapeutic alliance describes the relationship of trust and collaboration between a therapist and client, one of the strongest predictors of treatment success.
The quality of the therapist-client relationship is one of the strongest predictors of successful __________________________________.
The quality of the therapist-client relationship is one of the strongest predictors of successful treatment outcomes.
Define cultural humility.
Cultural humility is a therapist's recognition and respect of a client's cultural background in order to deliver effective therapy.
True or False?
The shift toward community-based mental health treatment was partly driven by the development of psychotropic medications.
True.
This shift, known as deinstitutionalization, was driven partly by new psychotropic medications that made outpatient treatment possible.
Which term describes the shift away from institutional care toward community-based treatment?
Deinstitutionalization describes the shift away from long-term psychiatric hospitalization toward community-based treatment, driven partly by new psychotropic medications.
Define nonmaleficence.
Nonmaleficence is the ethical principle that therapists must avoid causing harm to clients, whether psychological, physical, or social.
Which APA ethical principle requires therapists to be honest and avoid deception?
Integrity requires therapists to be honest and avoid deception or misrepresentation in their professional conduct.
____________________ requires that clients be informed about the nature, risks, and benefits of treatment before it begins.
Informed consent requires that clients be informed about the nature, risks, and benefits of treatment before it begins.
True or False?
Confidentiality may be broken if there is a serious risk of harm to the client or others.
True.
Confidentiality is a core ethical duty but may be broken when there is a serious risk of harm to the client or others.
What term describes an approach in which therapists combine techniques from different therapeutic orientations?
An eclectic approach combines techniques from different therapeutic orientations to tailor treatment to the individual client.
Define fidelity as an APA ethical principle.
Fidelity is the ethical principle requiring therapists to be trustworthy, honor commitments, and maintain confidentiality with clients.
Define free association.
Free association is the primary psychoanalytic technique in which the client speaks without censorship, allowing the therapist to look for unconscious patterns and slips.
In dream interpretation, which term describes the hidden, symbolic meaning of a dream, as opposed to its surface content?
Latent content is the hidden, symbolic meaning of a dream, as opposed to its manifest (surface) content.
In psychodynamic therapy, ______________________ occurs when a client projects feelings about significant people onto the therapist.
In psychodynamic therapy, transference occurs when a client projects feelings about significant people onto the therapist.
Define resistance in psychodynamic therapy.
Resistance occurs when a client becomes defensive around certain topics, which psychodynamic therapists view as indicating an important unconscious conflict.
Which term describes a therapist projecting their own feelings onto a client?
Countertransference describes a therapist projecting their own feelings onto a client, which therapists are trained to recognize and manage.
True or False?
Person-centered therapy was developed by Carl Rogers.
True.
Person-centered therapy, the most widely practiced form of humanistic therapy, was developed by Carl Rogers.
Define unconditional positive regard.
Unconditional positive regard is a person-centered therapy technique in which the therapist shows acceptance and non-judgment, helping the client develop self-acceptance.
Which term describes acceptance that depends on a person meeting others' expectations?
Conditional positive regard describes acceptance that depends on a person meeting others' expectations, which Rogers linked to psychological distress.
Define active listening in person-centered therapy.
Active listening is a technique in which the therapist listens attentively and reflects back the client's thoughts to demonstrate understanding.
Which humanistic approach encourages clients to explore bodily sensations and enact conflicts in the present moment?
Gestalt therapy encourages clients to explore bodily sensations and enact psychological conflicts in the present moment.
Which humanistic approach focuses on helping clients develop a sense of purpose and meaning in their lives?
Existential therapy focuses on helping clients develop a sense of purpose and meaning in their lives.
True or False?
Research supports using hypnosis to retrieve more accurate memories.
False.
Research shows hypnosis increases confidence in recalled memories but does not increase their accuracy.
Define applied behavior analysis (ABA).
Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is the systematic use of conditioning principles, especially reinforcement, to treat disorders such as autism spectrum disorder.
Define counterconditioning.
Counterconditioning is a technique that replaces a maladaptive response to a stimulus with a more adaptive one through classical conditioning.
Which counterconditioning technique gradually exposes a client to feared stimuli, from least to most frightening, while pairing them with relaxation?
Systematic desensitization gradually works through a ranked list of feared stimuli while pairing them with a learned relaxation response.
Which term describes the ranked list of feared stimuli, from least to most frightening, used in systematic desensitization?
A fear hierarchy is the ranked list of feared stimuli, from least to most frightening, used in systematic desensitization.
Systematic desensitization conducted using the actual feared stimulus, rather than imagination, is carried out ____________.
Systematic desensitization conducted using the actual feared stimulus, rather than imagination, is carried out in vivo.
Define flooding.
Flooding is an exposure technique that immediately exposes the client to the most frightening stimulus, without a hierarchy, until the fear response extinguishes.
True or False?
Modeling can be used alongside systematic desensitization and flooding when treating phobias.
True.
Modeling, in which a client learns by observing another person, can be used alongside systematic desensitization and flooding for phobias.
Define aversion therapy.
Aversion therapy is a counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulus with a behavior the client wants to stop.
Define token economy.
A token economy is an operant conditioning intervention in which clients earn tokens for target behaviors, which can later be exchanged for privileges.
Which technique, based on social learning theory, involves a client learning by observing and imitating another person?
Modeling involves a client learning by observing and then imitating the behavior of another person.
Define biofeedback.
Biofeedback uses real-time physiological monitoring to help clients learn to voluntarily regulate responses such as heart rate and muscle tension.
True or False?
Biofeedback relies on operant conditioning principles to help clients regulate physiological responses.
True.
Biofeedback relies on operant conditioning principles, giving clients feedback that reinforces voluntary control over physiological responses.
Which psychologist developed cognitive therapy based on the idea that psychological disorders arise from how people think about events?
Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy, proposing that psychological disorders arise from maladaptive thinking rather than external events.
Define cognitive triad.
The cognitive triad is Beck's model of depression describing negative automatic thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.
Define arbitrary inference.
Arbitrary inference is a cognitive distortion in which a person draws conclusions without evidence to support them.
Define cognitive restructuring.
Cognitive restructuring is the core technique of cognitive therapy in which the therapist helps the client identify, challenge, and replace maladaptive thoughts.
Overgeneralization is a cognitive distortion in which one negative event is applied to __________________________.
Overgeneralization is a cognitive distortion in which one negative event is applied to all situations.
Which therapy combines cognitive and behavioral techniques, proposing that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected?
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) combines cognitive and behavioral techniques, proposing that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected.
Which CBT-based therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, directly confronts and replaces a client's irrational beliefs?
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), developed by Albert Ellis, directly confronts and replaces a client's irrational beliefs.
Which CBT-based therapy, developed by Marsha Linehan, combines standard CBT with distress tolerance and emotional regulation strategies?
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), developed by Marsha Linehan, combines standard CBT with distress tolerance and emotional regulation strategies.
True or False?
In standard CBT, the therapist directly tells the client that their beliefs are irrational, whereas in REBT the client discovers this themselves.
False.
In REBT, the therapist directly confronts irrational beliefs, whereas in standard CBT the client is guided to discover distortions themselves.
Define group therapy.
Group therapy involves clients meeting together with a therapist in an interactive group, rather than in one-to-one sessions.
Which benefit of group therapy refers to clients realizing they are not alone in their struggles?
Universality refers to clients realizing they are not alone in their struggles, which can reduce shame and isolation.
True or False?
Twelve-step programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous are typically facilitated by professional psychotherapists.
False.
Twelve-step programs are typically facilitated by peers who have experienced the same difficulties, not professional psychotherapists.
Which class of psychoactive medication reduces schizophrenia symptoms by blocking dopamine receptors?
Antipsychotics reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking the neural receptors for dopamine in the brain.
Which class of antidepressant works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin in the synaptic cleft?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin in the synaptic cleft, increasing its availability.
Define benzodiazepines.
Benzodiazepines are antianxiety drugs, such as Valium, that cause muscle relaxation and tranquility by depressing the central nervous system.
Define lithium.
Lithium is a naturally occurring metal used to treat bipolar disorder, specifically to stabilize the manic phase.
Define tardive dyskinesia.
Tardive dyskinesia is a serious side effect, particularly of long-term antipsychotic use, involving involuntary, repetitive body movements.
__________________ electroconvulsive therapy passes current through only one hemisphere of the brain and is associated with fewer cognitive side effects.
Unilateral electroconvulsive therapy passes current through only one hemisphere of the brain and is associated with fewer cognitive side effects.
Define transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive procedure that uses a magnet to stimulate nerve cells, often for treatment-resistant depression.
Which historical surgical procedure severed the main neurons leading to the frontal lobe, frequently leaving patients in a vegetative state?
The prefrontal lobotomy severed the main neurons leading to the frontal lobe, frequently leaving patients in a vegetative state.
Define eclectic approach.
The eclectic approach involves drawing on techniques from more than one therapeutic orientation, based on client need and available evidence.
Which eclectic combination pairs drug therapy for mood disorders with cognitive talk therapy addressing negative cognitions?
Somatic cognitive therapy pairs drug therapy for mood disorders with cognitive talk therapy addressing negative cognitions.
True or False?
Antidepressants typically produce noticeable therapeutic effects within a few days of starting treatment.
False.
Most antidepressants, particularly SSRIs, take two to four weeks to produce noticeable therapeutic effects.
True or False?
Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics have fewer side effects than first-generation (typical) antipsychotics.
True.
Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics, such as Risperidone and Clozapine, have fewer side effects than first-generation antipsychotics.
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