Define mode of production .

The mode of production is the way people create the resources they need to survive.

Define means of production .

The means of production are the raw materials or machinery that people use in production, such as factories and land.

Marx called the relationships between people as they engage in production the social ___________ of production.

Marx called the relationships between people as they engage in production the social relations of production.

The bourgeoisie is the minority ruling class that owns the means of production and private property.

The proletariat is the majority working class , who own nothing but their ability to work as wage labourers.

Marx called the class of small business owners the ________ bourgeoisie.

Marx called the class of small business owners the petty bourgeoisie.

Which groups make up the lumpenproletariat ?

The lumpenproletariat consists of criminals, vagrants and the unemployed .

Why is the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat exploitative?

The relationship is exploitative because, as Marx argued, the bourgeoisie maximise their profits while paying the proletariat low wages .

True or False? Marx argued that the bourgeoisie and the proletariat share the same interests.

False. Marx argued that their interests clash , which leads to class conflict between them.

What did Marx predict the proletariat would eventually do?

Marx predicted that the proletariat would see themselves as a class with shared interests and overthrow the capitalist class in a social revolution .

Marx argued that under communism, people would own the ___________ of production collectively.

Marx argued that under communism, people would own the means of production collectively.

True or False? Marx predicted that communism would create a society with fewer but more equal classes.

False. Marx predicted a classless society , free from exploitation and private ownership.

How did Weber criticise Marx's view of social class?

Weber argued that status differences between groups, and not only economic division, also shape social class.

Which social divisions did Marx ignore?

Marx ignored divisions based on gender and ethnicity .

True or False? Critics argue that Marx's theories are out of date.

True. Critics argue that Marx's theories are out of date because capitalist societies such as Britain have not undergone a revolution .

Define functionalism .

Functionalism is a perspective that explains social institutions, such as families and education, by the functions they perform to help society run smoothly .

Which three social institutions did Durkheim study in terms of their functions?

Durkheim studied the functions of crime, religion and education .

True or False? Functionalism focuses mainly on the negative functions that social structures perform.

False. Functionalism focuses on the positive functions that different structures perform in society.

Which analogy do functionalists use to explain how institutions work?

Functionalists compare society to the human body , where each organ carries out a specific function.

___________ argue that social institutions meet society's needs by carrying out functions that guarantee its survival.

Functionalists argue that social institutions meet society's needs by carrying out functions that guarantee its survival.

Why does punishing offenders foster unity, according to Durkheim?

Punishing offenders fosters unity because it upholds the values and beliefs that the majority of society holds.

Durkheim argued that punishing offenders fosters unity, so ___________ can promote social cohesion by bringing people together.

Durkheim argued that punishing offenders fosters unity, so crime can promote social cohesion by bringing people together.

What do critics argue that functionalism overlooks?

Critics argue that functionalism overlooks the dysfunctional aspects of institutions, e.g. domestic abuse within families.

True or False? Some sociologists argue that functionalist theories are outdated.

True. Critics argue that functionalist theories fail to consider individual differences within society.

How do interactionists criticise functionalism?

Interactionists argue that individuals shape society , rather than society shaping individuals.

Sociologists see Max Weber as the founder of which theory?

Sociologists see Max Weber as the founder of social action theory .

True or False? Weber identified himself as an interactionist.

False. Weber never identified as an interactionist , although his ideas later influenced interactionism.

Which two influences on human behaviour did Weber recognise?

Weber recognised that small-scale interactions and social structures both influence human behaviour.

Like Marx, Weber saw social class as the key division in society and defined it in terms of ___________ factors.

Like Marx, Weber saw social class as the key division in society and defined it in terms of economic factors.

Apart from property, what did Weber argue shapes class divisions?

Weber argued that skills and qualifications also shape class divisions, because they affect the jobs people get.

Status is the amount of prestige or social standing that a group has, e.g. judges and surgeons have high status.

True or False? Weber argued that groups with high incomes always have high status.

False. Weber argued that status and income are not always related , e.g. people who sell used cars may have high incomes but low status .

Weber argued that an individual or group has power when they can get what they want , despite opposition from others.

Class, status and power are all aspects of which sociological topic ?

Class, status and power are all aspects of social stratification .

Which social divisions did Weber ignore?

Like Marx, Weber ignored divisions based on gender and ethnicity .

Define consensus approach .

The consensus approach sees society in positive terms, as based on agreement and harmony .

Define conflict approach .

The conflict approach is critical of the way society works and argues that its structure gives power to some groups over others.

True or False? Marxism and feminism are both consensus theories.

False. Marxism and feminism are conflict theories , which see society as based on conflicting interests between groups.

Define value consensus .

Value consensus is where people agree with society's norms and values .

Which process creates value consensus, according to functionalists?

Functionalists argue that value consensus arises from socialisation , during which people learn society's norms and values.

Unlike Marxists, ___________ argue that social order lasts over time because most people support and follow the rules.

Unlike Marxists, functionalists argue that social order lasts over time because most people support and follow the rules.

Between which groups do Marxists see conflict in capitalist societies?

Marxists see conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat .

How do Marxists explain social order?

Marxists argue that the bourgeoisie has the power to enforce order by influencing which laws Parliament passes.

Patriarchy is a social system in which men have power over and dominate women .

What do feminist perspectives explore?

Feminist perspectives explore gender inequality, sexism and discrimination in society.

True or False? Feminists argue that patriarchy exists only within family life.

False. Feminists argue that patriarchy runs through social structures such as families, education and the criminal justice system .

Which examples of male dominance do feminists identify in family life?

Feminists identify domestic violence and men's control over decision-making as examples of male dominance in family life.

Define interactionism .

Interactionism is a perspective that focuses on small-scale interactions between individuals and groups, e.g. between teachers and students.

What do interactionists seek to understand?

Interactionists seek to understand the meanings that people give to actions and situations.

Interactionists usually use ___________ research methods.

Interactionists usually use qualitative research methods.

True or False? Interactionists aim to develop large-scale structural theories of society.

False. Interactionists reject large-scale structural theories ; they believe that many daily interactions between individuals shape society.

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Sociological Approaches & Debates (WJEC Eduqas GCSE Sociology): Flashcards

Exam code: C200

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Define mode of production.

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Cards in this collection (51)

Define mode of production.
The mode of production is the way people create the resources they need to survive.
Define means of production.
The means of production are the raw materials or machinery that people use in production, such as factories and land.
Marx called the relationships between people as they engage in production the social ___________ of production.
Marx called the relationships between people as they engage in production the social relations of production.
Define bourgeoisie.
The bourgeoisie is the minority ruling class that owns the means of production and private property.
Define proletariat.
The proletariat is the majority working class, who own nothing but their ability to work as wage labourers.
Marx called the class of small business owners the ________ bourgeoisie.
Marx called the class of small business owners the petty bourgeoisie.
Which groups make up the lumpenproletariat?
The lumpenproletariat consists of criminals, vagrants and the unemployed.
Why is the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat exploitative?
The relationship is exploitative because, as Marx argued, the bourgeoisie maximise their profits while paying the proletariat low wages.
True or False?
Marx argued that the bourgeoisie and the proletariat share the same interests.
False.
Marx argued that their interests clash, which leads to class conflict between them.
What did Marx predict the proletariat would eventually do?
Marx predicted that the proletariat would see themselves as a class with shared interests and overthrow the capitalist class in a social revolution.
Marx argued that under communism, people would own the ___________ of production collectively.
Marx argued that under communism, people would own the means of production collectively.
True or False?
Marx predicted that communism would create a society with fewer but more equal classes.
False.
Marx predicted a classless society, free from exploitation and private ownership.
How did Weber criticise Marx's view of social class?
Weber argued that status differences between groups, and not only economic division, also shape social class.
Which social divisions did Marx ignore?
Marx ignored divisions based on gender and ethnicity.
True or False?
Critics argue that Marx's theories are out of date.
True.
Critics argue that Marx's theories are out of date because capitalist societies such as Britain have not undergone a revolution.
Define functionalism.
Functionalism is a perspective that explains social institutions, such as families and education, by the functions they perform to help society run smoothly.
Which three social institutions did Durkheim study in terms of their functions?
Durkheim studied the functions of crime, religion and education.
True or False?
Functionalism focuses mainly on the negative functions that social structures perform.
False.
Functionalism focuses on the positive functions that different structures perform in society.
Which analogy do functionalists use to explain how institutions work?
Functionalists compare society to the human body, where each organ carries out a specific function.
___________ argue that social institutions meet society's needs by carrying out functions that guarantee its survival.
Functionalists argue that social institutions meet society's needs by carrying out functions that guarantee its survival.
Why does punishing offenders foster unity, according to Durkheim?
Punishing offenders fosters unity because it upholds the values and beliefs that the majority of society holds.
Durkheim argued that punishing offenders fosters unity, so ___________ can promote social cohesion by bringing people together.
Durkheim argued that punishing offenders fosters unity, so crime can promote social cohesion by bringing people together.
What do critics argue that functionalism overlooks?
Critics argue that functionalism overlooks the dysfunctional aspects of institutions, e.g. domestic abuse within families.
True or False?
Some sociologists argue that functionalist theories are outdated.
True.
Critics argue that functionalist theories fail to consider individual differences within society.
How do interactionists criticise functionalism?
Interactionists argue that individuals shape society, rather than society shaping individuals.
Sociologists see Max Weber as the founder of which theory?
Sociologists see Max Weber as the founder of social action theory.
True or False?
Weber identified himself as an interactionist.
False.
Weber never identified as an interactionist, although his ideas later influenced interactionism.
Which two influences on human behaviour did Weber recognise?
Weber recognised that small-scale interactions and social structures both influence human behaviour.
Like Marx, Weber saw social class as the key division in society and defined it in terms of ___________ factors.
Like Marx, Weber saw social class as the key division in society and defined it in terms of economic factors.
Apart from property, what did Weber argue shapes class divisions?
Weber argued that skills and qualifications also shape class divisions, because they affect the jobs people get.
Define status.
Status is the amount of prestige or social standing that a group has, e.g. judges and surgeons have high status.
True or False?
Weber argued that groups with high incomes always have high status.
False.
Weber argued that status and income are not always related, e.g. people who sell used cars may have high incomes but low status.
Define power.
Weber argued that an individual or group has power when they can get what they want, despite opposition from others.
Class, status and power are all aspects of which sociological topic?
Class, status and power are all aspects of social stratification.
Which social divisions did Weber ignore?
Like Marx, Weber ignored divisions based on gender and ethnicity.
Define consensus approach.
The consensus approach sees society in positive terms, as based on agreement and harmony.
Define conflict approach.
The conflict approach is critical of the way society works and argues that its structure gives power to some groups over others.
True or False?
Marxism and feminism are both consensus theories.
False.
Marxism and feminism are conflict theories, which see society as based on conflicting interests between groups.
Define value consensus.
Value consensus is where people agree with society's norms and values.
Which process creates value consensus, according to functionalists?
Functionalists argue that value consensus arises from socialisation, during which people learn society's norms and values.
Unlike Marxists, ___________ argue that social order lasts over time because most people support and follow the rules.
Unlike Marxists, functionalists argue that social order lasts over time because most people support and follow the rules.
Between which groups do Marxists see conflict in capitalist societies?
Marxists see conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
How do Marxists explain social order?
Marxists argue that the bourgeoisie has the power to enforce order by influencing which laws Parliament passes.
Define patriarchy.
Patriarchy is a social system in which men have power over and dominate women.
What do feminist perspectives explore?
Feminist perspectives explore gender inequality, sexism and discrimination in society.
True or False?
Feminists argue that patriarchy exists only within family life.
False.
Feminists argue that patriarchy runs through social structures such as families, education and the criminal justice system.
Which examples of male dominance do feminists identify in family life?
Feminists identify domestic violence and men's control over decision-making as examples of male dominance in family life.
Define interactionism.
Interactionism is a perspective that focuses on small-scale interactions between individuals and groups, e.g. between teachers and students.
What do interactionists seek to understand?
Interactionists seek to understand the meanings that people give to actions and situations.
Interactionists usually use ___________ research methods.
Interactionists usually use qualitative research methods.
True or False?
Interactionists aim to develop large-scale structural theories of society.
False.
Interactionists reject large-scale structural theories; they believe that many daily interactions between individuals shape society.

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