Life Chances & Power: Gender (WJEC Eduqas GCSE Sociology): Flashcards
Exam code: C200
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Define patriarchy.
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Cards in this collection (28)
Define patriarchy.
Patriarchy is a system in which men hold more power, authority and influence than women in most areas of life, such as politics, work and the family.
Which six patriarchal structures did Sylvia Walby identify?
Sylvia Walby (1990) identified paid work, the household, the state, violence, sexuality and culture as the six patriarchal structures.
Walby argued that patriarchy has shifted from private to __________, as women now work but still face barriers such as low pay.
Walby argued that patriarchy has shifted from private to public, as women now work but still face barriers such as low pay.
Define sexism.
Sexism is unfair treatment or attitudes towards someone because of their gender.
True or False?
Sexism only operates formally, through pay and hiring practices.
False.
Sexism also operates informally, through attitudes, jokes and exclusion from networks.
Define glass ceiling.
The glass ceiling is an invisible barrier that prevents women from reaching top positions in their careers.
Who often holds senior roles in female-dominated professions such as teaching?
Men often hold the more senior roles, even in female-dominated professions such as teaching and nursing.
Define glass cliff.
The glass cliff is when organisations promote women into high-risk leadership roles, e.g. during a crisis, where the risk of failure is high.
What share of MPs were women after the 2024 General Election?
After the 2024 General Election, only 40.5% of MPs were women, so women remain under-represented in political power.
Define crisis of masculinity.
The crisis of masculinity is the idea that traditional male roles, such as breadwinner, provider and protector, have weakened, leaving some men facing their own disadvantages.
Which changes have weakened traditional male roles?
Deindustrialisation, the feminist movement and new expectations for men to be emotionally open have weakened traditional male roles.
Define new man.
A new man is a man who is supportive, carries out domestic tasks and is emotionally expressive.
Define gender inequality.
Gender inequality is unequal access to resources, opportunities and rewards based on gender.
True or False?
Boys now outperform girls academically at GCSE and A Level.
False.
Girls now outperform boys at GCSE and A Level, although this success does not always lead to equal pay or jobs.
How does subject choice remain gendered?
Subject choice remains gendered, as boys dominate STEM subjects, while girls dominate arts, humanities and caring subjects.
What is the gender pay gap among full-time employees?
Among full-time employees, women earn 6.8% less than men (ONS, 2026).
Define vertical segregation.
Vertical segregation is when men hold most senior roles, even in female-heavy sectors such as teaching.
Duncombe and Marsden (1993) argued that women carry out a triple shift of paid work, domestic work and ___________ work.
Duncombe and Marsden (1993) argued that women carry out a triple shift of paid work, domestic work and emotional work.
Define motherhood penalty.
The motherhood penalty is the drop in women's earnings after having children.
What did the Equal Pay Act (1970) require?
The Equal Pay Act (1970) required employers to pay men and women equally for the same or equivalent work.
True or False?
Feminists argue that equality laws have removed patriarchy.
False.
Feminists argue that legislation cannot remove deep-rooted patriarchy and the social attitudes that privilege men.
How do New Right thinkers view traditional gender roles?
New Right thinkers see traditional gender roles as biological and functional, providing stability and a clear division of labour.
Define verbal appellations.
Verbal appellations are gendered terms that adults use for children, such as pretty girl and strong boy (Oakley, 1974).
How does traditional masculinity affect men's health?
Traditional masculinity discourages men from seeking help or expressing vulnerability.
Define male gaze.
The male gaze is Laura Mulvey's (1975) idea that the media represents women as objects for visual pleasure.
Which types of crime are women more likely to experience?
Women are more likely to experience domestic and sexual violence, which feminists link to patriarchal power.
Define intersectionality.
Intersectionality is how different forms of inequality, such as gender, class, ethnicity and sexuality, overlap and combine to create unique experiences of disadvantage or privilege.
How do feminists see gender inequality?
Feminists see gender inequality as structural and institutionalised, built into society through patriarchy.
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