Plants & Bacterial Growth (Edexcel International A Level (IAL) Biology): Flashcards
Exam code: YBI11
1/370Still learning
Know0
Prokaryote
Was this flashcard helpful?
Cards in this collection (37)
Prokaryote
A prokaryote is a microscopic organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
Antimicrobial properties
Antimicrobial properties in plants refer to their ability to produce chemical defences such as antiseptic compounds and antibiotics that protect them from attack by micro-organisms.
Antimicrobial properties
Antimicrobial properties are the ability of certain plant species to kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms.
Clinical trial
A clinical trial is a scientific study in which a new drug is tested on human volunteers to assess its effectiveness and side effects.
True or False?
Some bacteria can cause disease in both plants and animals.
True.
Some bacteria are capable of causing diseases in both plants and animals.
Why do plants produce antiseptic compounds and antibiotics?
Plants produce antiseptic compounds and antibiotics as chemical defences to protect themselves from attack by micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi.
How can the antimicrobial properties of plants be used in medicine?
The antimicrobial properties of plants can be incorporated into the development of new drugs.
Why are new drugs tested before being sold to the public?
New drugs are tested before being sold to the public to ensure they are effective and do not cause dangerous side effects.
Antimicrobial
An antimicrobial is a substance that will either kill microbes (such as bacteria) or prevent their growth.
Antimicrobial chemicals from plants can be exploited by humans to develop new to treat bacterial and fungal diseases.
Antimicrobial chemicals from plants can be exploited by humans to develop new drugs to treat bacterial and fungal diseases.
Certain plant species have the ability to or the growth of micro-organisms.
Certain plant species have the ability to kill or prevent the growth of micro-organisms.
Before new drugs can be sold, they must be for and side effects.
Before new drugs can be sold, they must be tested for effectiveness and side effects.
Why is it important to provide the right conditions for bacterial growth in antimicrobial investigations?
It is important to provide all the necessary conditions for bacterial growth to ensure that the effectiveness of the antimicrobial substance can be accurately tested.
How can scientists test the effect of plant antimicrobial chemicals on bacteria?
Scientists can produce a plant extract containing antimicrobial chemicals and test its effect on the growth of bacteria.
What is a broth in microbiology?
A broth is a mixture of distilled water, nutrients, and a specific bacterial culture used to grow bacteria.
True or False?
Drug testing has always been scientific and regulated.
False.
Drug testing was not always scientific or regulated in the past.
Bacteria that respire require a sufficient supply of .
Bacteria that respire aerobically require a sufficient supply of oxygen.
An advantage of extracting and purifying active plant compounds is the ability to produce medication that contains a known of the active ingredient, ensuring a reliable .
An advantage of extracting and purifying active plant compounds is the ability to produce medication that contains a known concentration of the active ingredient, ensuring a reliable dosage.
Why is it important to keep the lid of the agar plate closed as much as possible during the experiment?
Keeping the lid closed prevents contamination by other fungi or bacteria present in the air.
Who was William Withering?
William Withering was an English scientist from the 1700s who discovered the use of digitalis from foxgloves to treat heart failure (dropsy).
What two environmental factors must not be too high or too low for bacterial enzymes to function optimally?
Both temperature and pH must be at suitable levels so that the enzymes controlling bacterial metabolic processes can function optimally.
True or False?
Scientists can create synthetic versions of plant compounds to reduce the need to harvest large amounts of plants.
True.
Analysing the chemical structure of active ingredients allows scientists to create synthetic versions of plant compounds, reducing the need to remove large amounts of plant material from the environment.
To prepare plant extracts, plant tissue must be dried, finely, soaked in , and then filtered.
To prepare plant extracts, plant tissue must be dried, ground finely, soaked in ethanol, and then filtered.
What is digitalis soup?
Digitalis soup refers to the different concentrations of digitalis extract made by William Withering from foxgloves to find the most effective dose for treating dropsy.
Why do bacteria require a supply of nutrients to grow?
Nutrients provide bacteria with the materials needed to grow and respire.
Which modern drug was developed from the active ingredient in willow bark?
Aspirin was developed from the active ingredient in willow bark, which had long been used for pain relief.
What is the purpose of the control disc in the antimicrobial plant extract experiment?
The control disc ensures that any differences in bacterial growth are due to the plant extract and not other factors such as the paper disc or ethanol.
Modern drug testing first uses to model effects, then tests on and animals before human trials.
Modern drug testing first uses computers to model effects, then tests on human tissues and animals before human trials.
Bacterial growth on a plant can cause and decay of plant tissue.
Bacterial growth on a plant can cause disease and decay of plant tissue.
Quinine
Quinine is a drug sourced from the cinchona tree, used to treat and prevent malaria.
Clear zone
The clear zone is the area around each disc on an agar plate where bacteria cannot grow, indicating the effectiveness of the antimicrobial agent.
What happens during Phase 1 of a clinical trial?
In Phase 1, the drug is tested on a small group of healthy volunteers to determine side effects, how the body reacts, and the correct dosage.
The larger the , the more the antimicrobial properties of a plant extract are.
The larger the clear zone, the more effective the antimicrobial properties of a plant extract are.
Placebo effect
The placebo effect is when a patient shows improvement in health because they believe they are receiving a real treatment, even though they are not.
True or False?
Aseptic techniques are only needed when working with harmful bacteria.
False.
Aseptic techniques are important whenever culturing bacteria to prevent contamination from any unwanted microorganisms.
True or False?
In a double blind study, neither the patient nor the doctor knows who is receiving the drug or placebo.
True.
Double blind studies ensure neither the patient nor the doctor knows who receives the drug or placebo, reducing bias.
What happens during the three phases of testing a new drug on humans?
Phase 1: the drug is tested on a small group of healthy volunteers to check safety, side effects, and dosage.
Phase 2: the drug is tested on a larger group of patients to assess how well it works.
Phase 3: the drug is compared against existing treatments in a large trial, often using double blind methods.
Sign up to unlock flashcards
or