Antibiotics are chemical substances that damage bacterial cells with little or no harm to human tissue.

Aseptic techniques are procedures that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms by using sterile equipment and working in a sterile environment .

Hospital acquired infection (HAI)

A hospital acquired infection (HAI) is an infection contracted by a patient while in hospital .

Who discovered penicillin and in which year?

Penicillin was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928 .

Why are aseptic techniques important when testing the effectiveness of different antibiotics?

Aseptic techniques are important to prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms , ensuring that any observed effects are due only to the antibiotics being tested.

What are two main ways to reduce the transmission of hospital acquired infections?

Two main ways to reduce the transmission of hospital acquired infections are for staff and visitors to wash hands regularly and to disinfect equipment and surfaces after use .

Antibiotics that bacterial cells are called .

Antibiotics that kill bacterial cells are called bactericidal .

Sterile means the absence of all microorganisms .

Methicillin-resistant , also known as , is an example of an antibiotic resistant HAI.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , also known as MRSA , is an example of an antibiotic resistant HAI.

How do antibiotics interfere with bacterial growth or metabolism?

Antibiotics interfere with bacterial growth or metabolism by inhibiting bacterial enzymes for cell wall formation , binding to ribosomes to prevent protein synthesis , damaging cell membranes , or preventing bacterial DNA from coiling .

Equipment can be sterilised by washing at high temperatures or with chemicals.

Equipment can be sterilised by washing at high temperatures or with disinfectant / sterilising chemicals.

Why are patients in hospitals at higher risk of contracting infectious diseases?

Patients in hospitals are at higher risk because they are often already ill and have weakened immune systems .

Penicillin prevents the formation of a strong in prokaryotes, leading to cell .

Penicillin prevents the formation of a strong cell wall in prokaryotes, leading to cell lysis .

What is the purpose of placing a Bunsen burner next to the work bench during aseptic technique?

Placing a Bunsen burner creates an updraft to keep the air around the workspace sterile by preventing microorganisms from settling.

A selection pressure is a factor in the environment that drives natural selection , such as the frequent use of antibiotics in hospitals.

True or False? Viruses are not affected by antibiotics because they do not have cellular structures like cell walls or ribosomes.

True. Viruses lack cell walls , enzymes , and ribosomes , so antibiotics cannot target them.

A clear patch in the bacterial lawn around an antibiotic disc is called the .

A clear patch in the bacterial lawn around an antibiotic disc is called the clear zone .

True or False? Antibiotic resistant infections are easy to treat with regular antibiotics.

False. Antibiotic resistant infections are difficult to treat because they do not respond to regular antibiotics.

Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit the growth of bacteria rather than killing them, although a high enough dose can still lead to bacterial death.

True or False? Incubating bacterial cultures at 25 °C helps prevent the growth of harmful pathogens.

True. Incubating at around room temperature reduces the risk of growing harmful pathogens .

To reduce the risk of antibiotic resistant HAIs, hospitals prescribe antibiotics instead of broad-spectrum ones.

To reduce the risk of antibiotic resistant HAIs, hospitals prescribe narrow-spectrum antibiotics instead of broad-spectrum ones.

Why are human cells not damaged by antibiotics?

Human cells are eukaryotic , so they have no cell walls and have different enzymes and ribosomes to bacteria, meaning antibiotics cannot target them.

If clear zone is present around a disc, it means that the bacteria is resistant to that type of antibiotic.

If no clear zone is present around a disc, it means that the bacteria is resistant to that type of antibiotic.

Why is rotating the use of different antibiotics important in hospitals?

Rotating the use of different antibiotics decreases the chance of bacteria developing resistance against one antibiotic.

What is the purpose of adding a negative control disc soaked in distilled water in the antibiotic experiment?

The negative control shows that any changes in bacterial growth are due to the antibiotics and not other factors.

A clear zone is an area around an antibiotic disc where bacteria have not grown on an agar plate, indicating the effectiveness of the antibiotic.

International A Level (IAL)BiologyEdexcelFlashcards6. Microbiology, Immunity & ForensicsAntibiotics

Antibiotics (Edexcel International A Level (IAL) Biology): Flashcards

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Antibiotics
Antibiotics are chemical substances that damage bacterial cells with little or no harm to human tissue.
Aseptic techniques
Aseptic techniques are procedures that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms by using sterile equipment and working in a sterile environment.
Hospital acquired infection (HAI)
A hospital acquired infection (HAI) is an infection contracted by a patient while in hospital.
Who discovered penicillin and in which year?
Penicillin was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928.
Why are aseptic techniques important when testing the effectiveness of different antibiotics?
Aseptic techniques are important to prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms, ensuring that any observed effects are due only to the antibiotics being tested.
What are two main ways to reduce the transmission of hospital acquired infections?
Two main ways to reduce the transmission of hospital acquired infections are for staff and visitors to wash hands regularly and to disinfect equipment and surfaces after use.
Antibiotics that bacterial cells are called .
Antibiotics that kill bacterial cells are called bactericidal.
Sterile
Sterile means the absence of all microorganisms.
Methicillin-resistant , also known as , is an example of an antibiotic resistant HAI.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, also known as MRSA, is an example of an antibiotic resistant HAI.
How do antibiotics interfere with bacterial growth or metabolism?
Antibiotics interfere with bacterial growth or metabolism by inhibiting bacterial enzymes for cell wall formation, binding to ribosomes to prevent protein synthesis, damaging cell membranes, or preventing bacterial DNA from coiling.
Equipment can be sterilised by washing at high temperatures or with chemicals.
Equipment can be sterilised by washing at high temperatures or with disinfectant / sterilising chemicals.
Why are patients in hospitals at higher risk of contracting infectious diseases?
Patients in hospitals are at higher risk because they are often already ill and have weakened immune systems.
Penicillin prevents the formation of a strong in prokaryotes, leading to cell .
Penicillin prevents the formation of a strong cell wall in prokaryotes, leading to cell lysis.
What is the purpose of placing a Bunsen burner next to the work bench during aseptic technique?
Placing a Bunsen burner creates an updraft to keep the air around the workspace sterile by preventing microorganisms from settling.
Selection pressure
A selection pressure is a factor in the environment that drives natural selection, such as the frequent use of antibiotics in hospitals.
True or False?
Viruses are not affected by antibiotics because they do not have cellular structures like cell walls or ribosomes.
True.
Viruses lack cell walls, enzymes, and ribosomes, so antibiotics cannot target them.
A clear patch in the bacterial lawn around an antibiotic disc is called the .
A clear patch in the bacterial lawn around an antibiotic disc is called the clear zone.
True or False?
Antibiotic resistant infections are easy to treat with regular antibiotics.
False.
Antibiotic resistant infections are difficult to treat because they do not respond to regular antibiotics.
Bacteriostatic
Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit the growth of bacteria rather than killing them, although a high enough dose can still lead to bacterial death.
True or False?
Incubating bacterial cultures at 25 °C helps prevent the growth of harmful pathogens.
True.
Incubating at around room temperature reduces the risk of growing harmful pathogens.
To reduce the risk of antibiotic resistant HAIs, hospitals prescribe antibiotics instead of broad-spectrum ones.
To reduce the risk of antibiotic resistant HAIs, hospitals prescribe narrow-spectrum antibiotics instead of broad-spectrum ones.
Why are human cells not damaged by antibiotics?
Human cells are eukaryotic, so they have no cell walls and have different enzymes and ribosomes to bacteria, meaning antibiotics cannot target them.
If clear zone is present around a disc, it means that the bacteria is resistant to that type of antibiotic.
If no clear zone is present around a disc, it means that the bacteria is resistant to that type of antibiotic.
Why is rotating the use of different antibiotics important in hospitals?
Rotating the use of different antibiotics decreases the chance of bacteria developing resistance against one antibiotic.
What is the purpose of adding a negative control disc soaked in distilled water in the antibiotic experiment?
The negative control shows that any changes in bacterial growth are due to the antibiotics and not other factors.
Clear zone
A clear zone is an area around an antibiotic disc where bacteria have not grown on an agar plate, indicating the effectiveness of the antibiotic.

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