Environmentalists are considering the Sun's rays and the amount of energy received at the surface of the Earth's atmosphere.
Define the solar constant.
The solar constant varies year-round for two main reasons.
State the two reasons.
In an experiment looking at solar energy, the total incident power is 1500 W. The albedo of green grass is 0.25.
Calculate the total scattered power when this light is incident on green grass.
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Climate change scientists are looking to reduce the number of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.
State the gases that are greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse gases have a natural frequency that falls within one region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Use the graph to identify this region.
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Scientists are investigating the albedo of different materials.
Define the albedo of a planet.
State the equation for albedo and explain why it has no units.
The scientists are investigating the albedo of the following materials:
New concrete
Green grass
Desert sand
Fresh snow
Ocean ice
Fresh asphalt
Bare soil
Identify the correct order, from lowest to highest, of the albedo for these materials.
Describe the properties that affect the Earth's albedo.
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State the four main greenhouse gases.
Describe the two types of radiation absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere.
The graph shows the radiation intensity against wavelength for both incoming and outgoing solar radiation.
State the names of the regions labelled A and B.
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Describe the main cause of the enhanced greenhouse effect.
Describe the main human sources of greenhouse gases.
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Thermal radiation is emitted by all bodies with an absolute temperature. It is often modelled using an idealised ‘black body’.
Explain how the temperature of a black body can be estimated based on the frequency of radiation emitted from it.
The spectrum of radiation emitted by a sample of glacier ice is examined. The peak frequency of radiation emitted by the ice is 2.25 × 1013 Hz.
Calculate the temperature of the ice in °C.
The average albedo of fresh snow is 0.9. The average albedo of the glacier ice is 0.25.
(i) Determine the ratio of the amount of light scattered by fresh snow to that of glacier ice.
[2]
(ii) Outline an assumption made in part (i) and give a reason why this assumption may not be correct.
[2]
The average intensity of radiation incident on the glacier is expected to change due to global warming.
When the snow melts, it exposes the glacier ice beneath the surface.
Explain how the loss of snow could contribute to global warming.
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The intensity of radiation from a source radiating energy at a rate of P follows an inverse square law with the distance, r, from the source.
(i) Derive an expression for intensity of this radiation at distance, r, from the source.
[2]
(ii) Outline an assumption made in part (i).
[1]
A planned Mars Rover will be powered using several solar panels each with dimensions of 2800 × 5900 mm. The equipment is tested on Earth at a point where the albedo of Earth’s atmosphere is 0.310.
The radiant power of the Sun is 3.90 × 1026 W and the average radius of Earth’s orbit around the Sun is 1.50 × 1011 m.
Determine the power, in kW, incident on a single solar heating panel being tested on Earth.
Assume that the Sun is at its highest point and the light from the Sun is normally incident on the panel.
An astronomer uses the following data for a simple climatic model of Mars without an atmosphere:
Orbital radius between Mars and the Sun = 2.3 × 1011 m
Absorbed solar radiation = 493 W m–2
Determine the average albedo for Mars that is to be used in the modelling.
Determine the ratio
Where PM is the power of solar radiation incident on the solar panel on Mars and PE is the power of solar radiation incident on the solar panel on Earth.
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Scientists are studying the planet Venus.
Define the solar constant of Venus.
Venus is in orbit 108 × 109 m from the Sun. The Sun has a power output of 4 × 1026 W.
Calculate the solar constant of Venus to two significant figures.
Explain why the solar constant is different for all planets in the solar system.
Explain why the incident radiative power on the upper atmosphere of Venus is 675 W m−2.
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The graph shows the range of albedos for different materials on Earth.
Identify the materials or values of the following albedos:
(i) The material(s) with the greatest range.
[1]
(ii) The most common albedo value found on Earth.
[2]
(iii) The average albedo for ice.
[1]
(iv) The material likely to reflect the most energy from the Sun.
[1]
Determine the ratio .
A scientist is investigating the climate model of a planet where the incoming radiation intensity is 250 W m−2 and the radiated radiation intensity is 180 W m−2. The temperature of the planet remains constant.
Calculate the reflected radiation intensity of the planet.
Calculate the albedo of the planet in part (c).
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Compare and contrast the roles of carbon dioxide and water vapour in the greenhouse effect.
The intensity of solar radiation incident at the top of the Earth’s atmosphere is 1450 W m−2. Assume that 55% of the incoming solar energy reaches the Earth’s surface and 45% of the incident energy is absorbed by a person sunbathing. The person is 1.5 m tall and an average of 30 cm wide.
Determine the amount of solar energy absorbed by the person sunbathing for 150 minutes.
The person sunbathing wishes to absorb less solar energy from the sun.
Explain in terms of albedo why getting in the sea will make him cooler.
The man's body is now lying horizontal but fully submerged in the seawater. The scattered solar radiation from his body under the water is 9.3 W.
Calculate the albedo of the seawater.
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Outline how the temperature of a black body can be estimated.
The spectrum of radiation emitted by a sample of glacier ice is examined. The variation of the intensity with wavelength is plotted as shown on the graph below.
Calculate the temperature of the radiation emitted by the ice.
Suggest whether fresh snow or ocean ice has a higher albedo. Give a reason for your answer.
Suggest why the values of the intensity of incident radiation upon the Earth's surface are expected to rise as the climate changes.
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One possible model of climate change is that the Earth will eventually have no atmosphere.
(i) Draw a suitable diagram to illustrate this model.
[1]
(ii) Evaluate this model.
[2]
Obtain an expression for the average intensity of light at the surface of the Earth in terms of albedo and the solar constant.
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A team of engineers are designing solar panels to power a Mars Rover on the surface of Mars.
Derive an expression for the intensity of radiation at a distance, r emitted from a point source.
A planned Mars Rover will be powered using several solar panels each with dimensions of 2700 × 4900 mm. The equipment is tested on Earth at a point where the albedo of Earth’s atmosphere is 0.390. The following additional information is available:
The radiant power of the Sun is 3.90 × 1026 W
The average radius of Earth’s orbit around the Sun is 1.50 × 1011 m
Orbital radius between Mars and the Sun = 2.3 × 1011 m
Absorbed solar radiation on Mars = 493 W m–2
Determine the ratio .
Where PM is the power of solar radiation incident on the solar panel on Mars and PE is the power of solar radiation incident on the solar panel on Earth.
Assume that the Sun is at its highest point and the light from the Sun is normally incident on the panel.
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An industrial kiln is used for ‘firing’ ceramic and pottery items at very high temperatures.
The kiln emits electromagnetic radiation of peak wavelength, λmax = 3.75 × 10−6 m and has a surface area of 150 m2.
Calculate the energy radiated per second.
Assume the kiln radiates as an ideal black body (emissivity e = 1).
Justify each of the following safety features in the kiln by referring to thermal energy transfer.
(i) The installation of chimneys and vents.
[1]
(ii) Air space created below and around the kiln.
[1]
(iii) Shiny reflective surfaces fixed around the inside of the exterior walls.
[1]
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