Human Population Size (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Environmental Management): Flashcards
Exam code: 0680
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Which three factors cause population change?
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Cards in this collection (35)
Which three factors cause population change?
Population change results from birth rates, death rates and migration.
Why are birth rates often higher in LICs?
Birth rates are often higher in LICs because of limited access to contraception and family planning.
True or False?
In many HICs, birth rates are high because more women are educated.
False.
Birth rates in many HICs are low, because women are more likely to work, be educated, delay marriage and have fewer children.
Define life expectancy.
Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live.
Which improvements reduce death rates?
Improved healthcare, clean water and better nutrition reduce death rates.
Disease, poor healthcare, famine or can cause high death rates.
Disease, poor healthcare, famine or conflict can cause high death rates.
Define migration.
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another.
True or False?
Emigration is when people enter a country.
False.
Emigration is when people leave a country; immigration is when people enter a country.
Which features of population structure can migration change?
Migration can change the age and sex balance of a population.
Define push factors.
Push factors are negative conditions that encourage people to leave an area.
Define pull factors.
Pull factors are positive conditions that attract people to a new place.
What pushes people out of rural areas in rural-urban migration?
People leave rural areas because of a lack of jobs, poor services and the mechanisation of farming.
Define urbanisation.
Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.
Rural-urban migration and in urban populations cause urbanisation.
Rural-urban migration and natural increase in urban populations cause urbanisation.
True or False?
Urbanisation rates are usually higher in HICs than in LICs.
False.
Urbanisation is often rapid in LICs and MICs; rates are lower in HICs because a high percentage of people already live in towns and cities.
Which problems can fast urban growth cause?
Fast urban growth can cause overcrowding, housing shortages and pressure on services.
Define informal urban settlements.
Informal urban settlements are areas where people build housing illegally, often from temporary materials.
Why do informal urban settlements develop?
Informal settlements develop when rapid population growth and rural-urban migration increase demand for housing faster than cities can provide it.
Megacities are urban areas with a population of more than 10 people.
Megacities are urban areas with a population of more than 10 million people.
True or False?
Megacities bring challenges but no benefits.
False.
Megacities can create economic opportunities through jobs and trade, even though they face congestion and pressure on services.
How does rising food demand affect land?
Rising food demand leads to agricultural expansion, which causes deforestation, soil degradation and habitat loss.
How does population growth affect greenhouse gas emissions?
Higher energy use and industrial activity increase greenhouse gas emissions, which worsens global warming.
True or False?
Population growth affects the quantity of water but not its quality.
False.
More sewage and urban runoff contaminate rivers and groundwater, which reduces the supply of safe drinking water.
What happens to water tables when growing populations over-extract water?
Over-extraction of water lowers water tables, which can lead to water shortages.
How does poor sanitation spread disease?
Poor sanitation, such as open defecation, spreads disease by contaminating water and soil.
Inadequate landfill facilities lead to open of waste, which contaminates land and water.
Inadequate landfill facilities lead to open dumping of waste, which contaminates land and water.
Define urban sprawl.
Urban sprawl is the spread of cities into surrounding rural areas.
How can population growth make housing less affordable?
Population growth raises demand for land, so land prices rise and housing becomes less affordable.
What happens to services when infrastructure does not keep pace with population growth?
When infrastructure does not keep pace, service quality declines, and water supply, sewage systems and energy grids become inadequate.
True or False?
Traffic congestion reduces fuel use because vehicles move more slowly.
False.
Traffic congestion increases fuel use and journey times, which adds to air and noise pollution.
Which sources increase air pollution as populations grow?
Traffic, industry and energy use increase air pollution as populations grow.
How can traffic congestion reduce productivity?
Traffic congestion reduces productivity because workers spend longer travelling.
Why can population growth cause high youth unemployment?
Population growth can cause high youth unemployment when young workers entering the job market outnumber the new jobs created.
True or False?
Population growth always reduces the number of jobs.
False.
Population growth can boost demand for goods and services, creating jobs in sectors such as construction and healthcare.
Population growth can increase informal employment, which often has and poor working conditions.
Population growth can increase informal employment, which often has low pay and poor working conditions.
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