Managing Human Population Size (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Environmental Management): Flashcards
Exam code: 0680
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Define anti-natalist policy.
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Cards in this collection (19)
Define anti-natalist policy.
An anti-natalist policy is a population policy that aims to reduce birth rates.
In which countries do governments often use anti-natalist policies?
Governments often use anti-natalist policies in countries with rapid population growth, where resources are strained.
How did China's one-child policy affect the sex ratio?
China's one-child policy led to more males than females, because of a preference for male children.
Define pro-natalist policy.
A pro-natalist policy is a population policy that aims to increase birth rates.
In which countries do governments use pro-natalist policies?
Governments use pro-natalist policies in countries with ageing populations, labour shortages or population decline.
Which measures do pro-natalist policies use to encourage larger families?
Pro-natalist measures include longer maternity and paternity leave, higher child benefits, tax allowances and better childcare.
True or False?
Educated women are more likely to marry and have children at a younger age.
False.
Educated women are more likely to delay marriage and childbirth, which lowers birth rates.
Access to contraception allows people to control the number and of their children.
Access to contraception allows people to control the number and timing of their children.
Why do families often choose to have fewer children when healthcare improves?
Families often have fewer children because child survival rates improve.
True or False?
Open immigration policies reduce a country's labour supply.
False.
Open immigration policies increase population size and labour supply, which helps fill labour shortages.
Define brain drain.
A brain drain is the loss of skilled workers who emigrate from a country.
Australia restricts immigration with a -based system.
Australia restricts immigration with a points-based system.
Which beliefs may discourage contraceptive use?
Cultural or religious beliefs may discourage contraceptive use.
True or False?
Improvements in healthcare always slow population growth straight away.
False.
Healthcare improvements may initially increase population growth, and only help stabilise it over time.
Why may anti-natalist policies be unpopular?
Anti-natalist policies may be unpopular because people can view them as restricting personal freedom.
What is a financial limitation of pro-natalist policies?
Pro-natalist financial incentives are expensive for governments, because higher child benefits raise public spending and tax allowances reduce tax income.
Why are the benefits of education as a population strategy slow to appear?
Education systems take time to develop and expand, so the benefits are long-term rather than immediate.
True or False?
Migration control can manage natural population change.
False.
Migration control does not address natural population change, which depends on births and deaths.
What advantage does migration control have over other strategies?
Governments can adjust migration policies quickly to meet economic needs.
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