Water-Related Diseases (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Environmental Management): Flashcards
Exam code: 0680
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Define vector.
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Cards in this collection (49)
Define vector.
A vector is an organism that transmits a disease from one host to another.
True or False?
People catch malaria by drinking dirty water.
False.
Malaria is a vector-borne disease: people catch it through a mosquito bite, not from the water itself.
Which mosquito spreads malaria?
Female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles spread malaria.
Why do female mosquitoes feed on blood?
Female mosquitoes feed on blood to obtain protein for their eggs.
After an infected mosquito bites a person, the malaria parasite travels to the , where it multiplies.
After an infected mosquito bites a person, the malaria parasite travels to the liver, where it multiplies.
Which blood cells does Plasmodium infect?
Plasmodium infects red blood cells, causing fever, chills and fatigue.
How does a mosquito pick up the malaria parasite?
A mosquito picks up the parasite when it bites a human who already has malaria and takes in the parasites with the blood.
The parasites develop in the mosquito's gut and then move to its , so it can infect the next person it bites.
The parasites develop in the mosquito's gut and then move to its salivary glands, so it can infect the next person it bites.
True or False?
Insecticide-treated nets mainly protect people from daytime mosquito bites.
False.
Most Anopheles mosquitoes bite between dusk and dawn, so the nets reduce bites during the night.
How does insect repellent lower the risk of malaria?
Insect repellent keeps mosquitoes away, which reduces the chance of being bitten outdoors.
How does a malaria vaccine work?
A malaria vaccine helps the immune system recognise and fight the Plasmodium parasite.
True or False?
Malaria vaccines give complete protection against infection.
False.
Vaccines do not give complete protection, but they reduce infection rates and severe illness, especially in children.
How do antimalarial drugs protect travellers?
Antimalarial drugs stop the parasites multiplying in the body when taken before or during travel.
How does draining puddles and buckets reduce malaria?
Mosquitoes lay their eggs in stagnant water, so draining it reduces breeding.
Define indoor residual spraying.
Indoor residual spraying is coating walls with insecticide to kill mosquitoes that land on the surfaces.
How do sterile male mosquitoes reduce mosquito numbers?
Females that mate with sterile males produce no offspring, so mosquito numbers fall over time.
Define biological control of mosquitoes.
Biological control is introducing natural predators, such as guppies, to eat mosquito larvae.
Biological control reduces mosquito populations without using .
Biological control reduces mosquito populations without using chemicals.
Define cholera.
Cholera is a severe diarrhoeal disease that the bacterium Vibrio cholerae causes.
Which part of the body do cholera bacteria infect?
Cholera bacteria infect the small intestine, causing severe diarrhoea and dehydration.
True or False?
Cholera spreads only through contaminated drinking water.
False.
Cholera also spreads through food that people wash or prepare with unsafe water containing the bacteria.
Which sanitation problems increase the risk of a cholera outbreak?
Open defecation, leaking sewage systems and unprotected wells increase the risk of an outbreak.
Regular handwashing with removes cholera bacteria from hands.
Regular handwashing with soap removes cholera bacteria from hands.
When is handwashing most important for preventing cholera?
Handwashing matters most after using the toilet and before preparing or eating food.
How do proper sanitation systems reduce cholera?
Proper sanitation systems keep human waste away from rivers, wells and drinking water supplies.
Define chlorination.
Chlorination is adding chlorine to water to kill bacteria, including cholera bacteria.
True or False?
Chlorination can only take place at large water treatment plants.
False.
Households can also chlorinate water at home using chlorine tablets.
Why does boiling water suit households without treated water?
Boiling is a simple and effective way to kill cholera bacteria at home.
Providing a reliable supply of water is one of the most effective ways to reduce cholera outbreaks.
Providing a reliable supply of potable water is one of the most effective ways to reduce cholera outbreaks.
How long do cholera vaccines protect people?
Cholera vaccines provide only short-term protection against infection.
True or False?
Vaccination alone can fully control cholera.
False.
Vaccines reduce severe cases, but they need sanitation and clean water strategies alongside them for full effectiveness.
Where are cholera vaccines most useful?
Cholera vaccines are most useful in high-risk communities or during outbreaks.
Define vector control of malaria.
Vector control is a group of strategies, such as draining stagnant water, spraying insecticides and biological control, that reduce mosquito populations.
How does personal protection reduce malaria cases?
Personal protection reduces mosquito-to-human transmission, which lowers infections and protects vulnerable groups.
True or False?
Draining stagnant water removes the malaria parasite from an area.
False.
Draining stagnant water lowers mosquito numbers only temporarily and does not remove the parasite.
Why could destroying the malaria parasite give the best long-term control?
Removing the parasite could eliminate malaria entirely.
What limits the use of drugs and vaccines against malaria?
Drugs and vaccines are expensive to provide and often need medical professionals to deliver them.
Mosquitoes are developing to insecticides, which makes spraying less effective over time.
Mosquitoes are developing resistance to insecticides, which makes spraying less effective over time.
Why are some antimalarial drugs becoming less effective?
The malaria parasite is becoming resistant to some antimalarial drugs.
What benefit does controlling mosquito breeding have over drug programmes?
Controlling mosquito breeding is cheaper and communities can carry it out themselves.
True or False?
Improvements in diagnosis and treatment have eliminated malaria.
False.
These improvements have reduced deaths, but transmission continues wherever mosquitoes remain.
Why are handwashing and boiling water useful cholera controls?
Handwashing and boiling water are inexpensive and individuals or families can carry them out.
True or False?
Personal actions such as handwashing always prevent cholera outbreaks.
False.
Personal actions depend on consistent behaviour, and outbreaks can occur when people cannot access soap, fuel for boiling or chlorine tablets.
How does chlorinating water supplies benefit communities?
Chlorination kills cholera bacteria, which protects entire communities that receive the safe water.
Why does improved sanitation reduce long-term cholera risk?
Improved sanitation stops faecal contamination of water, which removes the source of the bacteria.
Without proper maintenance, sewage systems can and reintroduce cholera bacteria.
Without proper maintenance, sewage systems can leak and reintroduce cholera bacteria.
Why do large-scale sanitation systems depend on governments?
Large-scale sanitation systems are very expensive to build and run, so they need government funding and planning.
True or False?
Cholera vaccines give lifelong immunity.
False.
Cholera vaccines give only short-term protection, so communities must use them alongside sanitation and clean water supplies.
What cholera risk do areas without safe sewage disposal face?
These areas face a continuous risk of cholera, so outbreaks may return quickly if water quality drops.
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