Solubility is a measure of how much of a substance dissolves in a given volume of solvent. A soluble substance dissolves readily in water while an insoluble substance does not.

True or False? All nitrates are soluble in water.

True. All nitrates dissolve in water. There are no insoluble nitrates.

Most chlorides are soluble, except for .......... -based compounds and lead(II) chloride.

Most chlorides are soluble, except for silver -based compounds and lead(II) chloride.

Which three sulfates are insoluble in water?

Barium sulfate Calcium sulfate Lead(II) sulfate

True or False? Most carbonates are soluble in water.

False. Most carbonates are insoluble. Only the carbonates of sodium , potassium and ammonium dissolve in water.

Most hydroxides are insoluble, except those of sodium, potassium and .......... , although calcium hydroxide is only slightly soluble.

Most hydroxides are insoluble, except those of sodium, potassium and ammonium , although calcium hydroxide is only slightly soluble.

Why are solubility rules useful in chemistry?

Solubility rules help predict which ionic compounds dissolve in water, which determines the most appropriate method for preparing a salt .

True or False? All sodium, potassium and ammonium compounds are soluble in water.

True. All common compounds of sodium , potassium and ammonium dissolve in water. None of them are insoluble.

Define acid in terms of proton transfer.

An acid is a proton donor . When dissolved in water, an acid releases H + ions into solution.

True or False? A base is a proton donor.

False. A base is a proton acceptor , not a donor. It accepts H + ions from an acid.

When hydrochloric acid dissolves in water, it produces H + ions and .......... -type ions with a negative charge.

When hydrochloric acid dissolves in water, it produces H + ions and chloride ions (Cl - ) with a negative charge.

What ions does sodium hydroxide produce when it dissolves in water?

Sodium hydroxide produces sodium ions (Na + ) and hydroxide ions (OH - ) in solution.

True or False? H + ions in solution make an aqueous solution acidic.

True. Acids donate H + ions into solution. It is these hydrogen ions that make an aqueous solution acidic.

In terms of proton transfer, an acid is a proton .......... . A base is a proton .......... .

In terms of proton transfer, an acid is a proton donor . A base is a proton acceptor .

Why do alkalis make solutions alkaline?

Alkalis dissolve in water to produce OH - ions . The presence of these hydroxide ions in solution is what makes it alkaline .

Define base in terms of proton transfer.

A base is a proton acceptor . When dissolved in water, a base produces OH - ions that can accept H + ions from acids .

What are the products when an acid reacts with a metal?

The products are a salt and hydrogen gas.

An acid reacting with a base always produces a ........... . Water is also formed.

An acid reacting with a base always produces a salt . Water is also formed.

True or False? Nitric acid reacts with metals to form a salt and hydrogen.

False. Reactions between nitric acid and metals are excluded from the Edexcel IGCSE specification. You only need to know the reactions of nitric acid with bases and metal carbonates .

Define neutralisation .

Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt and water.

What three products form when an acid reacts with a metal carbonate?

The products are a salt , carbon dioxide and water .

True or False? Sulfuric acid always produces sulfate salts.

True. The type of salt produced depends on the acid used. Sulfuric acid always produces sulfate salts regardless of the base or metal carbonate it reacts with.

When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, the salt produced is ........... . Hydrogen gas is also released.

When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, the salt produced is zinc chloride . Hydrogen gas is also released.

How can you identify a carbonate reaction with acid, not an oxide or hydroxide reaction?

Only acid-carbonate reactions produce effervescence , caused by carbon dioxide gas being released.

Name the three types of substance that react with acids to form salts.

The three types of substance that react with acids to form salts are metals , bases (metal oxides, metal hydroxides or ammonia) and metal carbonates .

An alkali is a base that is soluble in water. Alkalis produce OH - ions in solution and have a pH greater than 7.

True or False? All bases are alkalis.

False. All alkalis are bases , but not all bases are alkalis . A base is only an alkali if it is soluble in water.

In alkaline conditions, red litmus paper turns ........... .

In alkaline conditions, red litmus paper turns blue .

What ion is responsible for making an aqueous solution alkaline?

What ion is responsible for making an aqueous solution alkaline? The hydroxide ion (OH - ) makes an aqueous solution alkaline.

True or False? Ammonia solution can act as a base.

True. When ammonia dissolves in water it produces OH - ions, which means it acts as a base . It is an unusual base because it does not contain a metal.

Metal oxides, metal hydroxides and .......... are the three types of substance that can act as bases.

Metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia are the three types of substance that can act as bases.

What does a base do when it reacts with an acid?

What does a base do when it reacts with an acid? A base neutralises the acid, producing a salt and water .

A base is a substance that can neutralise an acid , forming a salt and water. Bases include metal oxides , metal hydroxides and ammonia .

Why is an insoluble base added in excess when preparing a soluble salt?

The base is added in excess to ensure that all of the acid has reacted. Any unreacted acid would become dangerously concentrated during evaporation .

After adding excess insoluble base to acid, the excess solid is removed by ........... .

After adding excess insoluble base to acid, the excess solid is removed by filtration .

True or False? Rapid evaporation of the salt solution produces larger crystals.

False. Slowing the evaporation over several days allows larger crystals to grow. Rapid heating produces smaller crystals.

What are the steps to prepare a pure, dry soluble salt from an insoluble base?

What are the steps to prepare a pure, dry soluble salt from an insoluble base? Add excess insoluble base to acid and stir until no more dissolves Filter to remove excess solid Evaporate the filtrate by heating until crystals begin to form Allow to cool and dry the crystals

True or False? If a metal carbonate is used to prepare a soluble salt, carbon dioxide gas is produced.

True. Metal carbonates react with acids to produce a salt , water and carbon dioxide gas, which is released into the atmosphere.

Copper(II) oxide reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to form ........... . Water is also produced.

Copper(II) oxide reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to form copper(II) sulfate . Water is also produced.

Why must the salt solution be filtered before evaporation?

Filtration removes the excess insoluble base so that only the salt and water remain in the filtrate.

Define crystallisation in the context of salt preparation.

Crystallisation is the process of evaporating water from a salt solution so that salt crystals form as the solution becomes more concentrated. It is the final step in preparing a dry salt.

True or False? A soluble salt can be prepared using an insoluble base and an acid.

True. Adding an insoluble base in excess to an acid ensures all the acid reacts. After filtration and evaporation , a pure soluble salt is obtained.

What is the starting material used to prepare copper(II) sulfate crystals?

Copper(II) oxide (an insoluble base) is added to dilute sulfuric acid .

True or False? Copper(II) oxide is added in excess to ensure all the acid reacts.

True. Adding copper(II) oxide in excess ensures all the sulfuric acid is used up. Any remaining acid would become dangerously concentrated during evaporation .

After filtering the copper(II) sulfate solution, the filtrate is heated gently to evaporate water until the solution is ........... .

After filtering the copper(II) sulfate solution, the filtrate is heated gently to evaporate water until the solution is saturated .

How do you test whether the copper(II) sulfate solution is saturated?

Dip a cold glass rod into the solution. If crystals form on the rod, the solution is saturated.

True or False? Hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals are green in colour.

False. Hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals are bright blue in colour. Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is white.

Excess copper(II) oxide is removed from the reaction mixture by ........... .

Excess copper(II) oxide is removed from the reaction mixture by filtration .

Why is the acid warmed before adding copper(II) oxide?

Warming the acid increases the rate of reaction so the copper(II) oxide dissolves more quickly.

Define hydrated in the context of copper(II) sulfate crystals.

A hydrated crystal contains water molecules chemically bonded within its crystal structure. Hydrated copper(II) sulfate (CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O) is blue because of these water molecules.

IGCSEScienceEdexcelScience (Double Award)ChemistryFlashcards2. Inorganic ChemistryAcids, Bases & Salt Preparations

Acids, Bases & Salt Preparations (Edexcel IGCSE Science (Double Award): Chemistry): Flashcards

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FrontSolubility Rules
Define solubility.

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Cards in this collection (50)

Define solubility.
Solubility is a measure of how much of a substance dissolves in a given volume of solvent. A soluble substance dissolves readily in water while an insoluble substance does not.
True or False?
All nitrates are soluble in water.
True.
All nitrates dissolve in water. There are no insoluble nitrates.
Most chlorides are soluble, except for ..........-based compounds and lead(II) chloride.
Most chlorides are soluble, except for silver-based compounds and lead(II) chloride.
Which three sulfates are insoluble in water?
1. Barium sulfate
2. Calcium sulfate
3. Lead(II) sulfate
True or False?
Most carbonates are soluble in water.
False.
Most carbonates are insoluble. Only the carbonates of sodium, potassium and ammonium dissolve in water.
Most hydroxides are insoluble, except those of sodium, potassium and .........., although calcium hydroxide is only slightly soluble.
Most hydroxides are insoluble, except those of sodium, potassium and ammonium, although calcium hydroxide is only slightly soluble.
Why are solubility rules useful in chemistry?
Solubility rules help predict which ionic compounds dissolve in water, which determines the most appropriate method for preparing a salt.
True or False?
All sodium, potassium and ammonium compounds are soluble in water.
True.
All common compounds of sodium, potassium and ammonium dissolve in water. None of them are insoluble.
Define acid in terms of proton transfer.
An acid is a proton donor. When dissolved in water, an acid releases H⁺ ions into solution.
True or False?
A base is a proton donor.
False.
A base is a proton acceptor, not a donor. It accepts H⁺ ions from an acid.
When hydrochloric acid dissolves in water, it produces H⁺ ions and ..........-type ions with a negative charge.
When hydrochloric acid dissolves in water, it produces H⁺ ions and chloride ions (Cl^-) with a negative charge.
What ions does sodium hydroxide produce when it dissolves in water?
Sodium hydroxide produces sodium ions (Na⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH^-) in solution.
True or False?
H⁺ ions in solution make an aqueous solution acidic.
True.
Acids donate H⁺ ions into solution. It is these hydrogen ions that make an aqueous solution acidic.
In terms of proton transfer, an acid is a proton .......... . A base is a proton .......... .
In terms of proton transfer, an acid is a proton donor. A base is a proton acceptor.
Why do alkalis make solutions alkaline?
Alkalis dissolve in water to produce OH^- ions. The presence of these hydroxide ions in solution is what makes it alkaline.
Define base in terms of proton transfer.
A base is a proton acceptor. When dissolved in water, a base produces OH^- ions that can accept H⁺ ions from acids.
What are the products when an acid reacts with a metal?
The products are a salt and hydrogen gas.
An acid reacting with a base always produces a ............ Water is also formed.
An acid reacting with a base always produces a salt. Water is also formed.
True or False?
Nitric acid reacts with metals to form a salt and hydrogen.
False.
Reactions between nitric acid and metals are excluded from the Edexcel IGCSE specification. You only need to know the reactions of nitric acid with bases and metal carbonates.
Define neutralisation.
Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt and water.
What three products form when an acid reacts with a metal carbonate?
The products are a salt, carbon dioxide and water.
True or False?
Sulfuric acid always produces sulfate salts.
True.
The type of salt produced depends on the acid used. Sulfuric acid always produces sulfate salts regardless of the base or metal carbonate it reacts with.
When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, the salt produced is ............ Hydrogen gas is also released.
When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, the salt produced is zinc chloride. Hydrogen gas is also released.
How can you identify a carbonate reaction with acid, not an oxide or hydroxide reaction?
Only acid-carbonate reactions produce effervescence, caused by carbon dioxide gas being released.
Name the three types of substance that react with acids to form salts.
The three types of substance that react with acids to form salts are metals, bases (metal oxides, metal hydroxides or ammonia) and metal carbonates.
Define alkali.
An alkali is a base that is soluble in water. Alkalis produce OH^- ions in solution and have a pH greater than 7.
True or False?
All bases are alkalis.
False.
All alkalis are bases, but not all bases are alkalis. A base is only an alkali if it is soluble in water.
In alkaline conditions, red litmus paper turns ............
In alkaline conditions, red litmus paper turns blue.
What ion is responsible for making an aqueous solution alkaline?
What ion is responsible for making an aqueous solution alkaline? The hydroxide ion (OH^-) makes an aqueous solution alkaline.
True or False?
Ammonia solution can act as a base.
True.
When ammonia dissolves in water it produces OH^- ions, which means it acts as a base. It is an unusual base because it does not contain a metal.
Metal oxides, metal hydroxides and .......... are the three types of substance that can act as bases.
Metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia are the three types of substance that can act as bases.
What does a base do when it reacts with an acid?
What does a base do when it reacts with an acid? A base neutralises the acid, producing a salt and water.
Define base.
A base is a substance that can neutralise an acid, forming a salt and water. Bases include metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia.
Why is an insoluble base added in excess when preparing a soluble salt?
The base is added in excess to ensure that all of the acid has reacted. Any unreacted acid would become dangerously concentrated during evaporation.
After adding excess insoluble base to acid, the excess solid is removed by ............
After adding excess insoluble base to acid, the excess solid is removed by filtration.
True or False?
Rapid evaporation of the salt solution produces larger crystals.
False.
Slowing the evaporation over several days allows larger crystals to grow. Rapid heating produces smaller crystals.
What are the steps to prepare a pure, dry soluble salt from an insoluble base?
What are the steps to prepare a pure, dry soluble salt from an insoluble base?
1. Add excess insoluble base to acid and stir until no more dissolves
2. Filter to remove excess solid
3. Evaporate the filtrate by heating until crystals begin to form
4. Allow to cool and dry the crystals
True or False?
If a metal carbonate is used to prepare a soluble salt, carbon dioxide gas is produced.
True.
Metal carbonates react with acids to produce a salt, water and carbon dioxide gas, which is released into the atmosphere.
Copper(II) oxide reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to form ............ Water is also produced.
Copper(II) oxide reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to form copper(II) sulfate. Water is also produced.
Why must the salt solution be filtered before evaporation?
Filtration removes the excess insoluble base so that only the salt and water remain in the filtrate.
Define crystallisation in the context of salt preparation.
Crystallisation is the process of evaporating water from a salt solution so that salt crystals form as the solution becomes more concentrated. It is the final step in preparing a dry salt.
True or False?
A soluble salt can be prepared using an insoluble base and an acid.
True.
Adding an insoluble base in excess to an acid ensures all the acid reacts. After filtration and evaporation, a pure soluble salt is obtained.
What is the starting material used to prepare copper(II) sulfate crystals?
Copper(II) oxide (an insoluble base) is added to dilute sulfuric acid.
True or False?
Copper(II) oxide is added in excess to ensure all the acid reacts.
True.
Adding copper(II) oxide in excess ensures all the sulfuric acid is used up. Any remaining acid would become dangerously concentrated during evaporation.
After filtering the copper(II) sulfate solution, the filtrate is heated gently to evaporate water until the solution is ............
After filtering the copper(II) sulfate solution, the filtrate is heated gently to evaporate water until the solution is saturated.
How do you test whether the copper(II) sulfate solution is saturated?
Dip a cold glass rod into the solution. If crystals form on the rod, the solution is saturated.
True or False?
Hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals are green in colour.
False.
Hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals are bright blue in colour. Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is white.
Excess copper(II) oxide is removed from the reaction mixture by ............
Excess copper(II) oxide is removed from the reaction mixture by filtration.
Why is the acid warmed before adding copper(II) oxide?
Warming the acid increases the rate of reaction so the copper(II) oxide dissolves more quickly.
Define hydrated in the context of copper(II) sulfate crystals.
A hydrated crystal contains water molecules chemically bonded within its crystal structure. Hydrated copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄·5H₂O) is blue because of these water molecules.

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