An ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of electrons .

True or False? Atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a full outer shell.

True. Atoms lose or gain electrons so that their outer shell becomes full, giving them a stable electronic structure like a noble gas .

What is the difference between a cation and an anion ?

A cation is a positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons. An anion is a negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons.

When a sodium atom loses one electron, it forms a .......... charged ion with the electronic structure of .......... .

When a sodium atom loses one electron, it forms a positively charged ion with the electronic structure of neon .

A cation is a positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons , leaving it with more protons than electrons .

True or False? Non-metals lose electrons to form positive ions.

False. Non-metals gain electrons to form negatively charged ions ( anions ). It is metals that lose electrons to form positive ions.

How does the charge on an ion relate to the number of electrons lost or gained?

The charge equals the number of electrons lost or gained. For example, losing 2 electrons gives a 2+ charge and gaining 1 electron gives a 1− charge.

All metals .......... electrons to form .......... charged ions.

All metals lose electrons to form positively charged ions.

Which noble gas has the same electronic structure as a chloride ion?

A chloride ion has the same electronic structure as argon , having gained one electron to fill its outer shell.

What charge do Group 1 metal ions carry?

Group 1 metal ions carry a 1+ charge. For example, sodium forms Na + .

Group 7 non-metals form ions with a charge of .......... . For example, chlorine forms .......... .

Group 7 non-metals form ions with a charge of 1− . For example, chlorine forms Cl - .

Define compound ion .

A compound ion is an ion made from more than one element, such as hydroxide (OH - ) or sulfate (SO 4 2- ).

True or False? The ammonium ion has a negative charge.

False. The ammonium ion (NH 4 + ) carries a positive charge of 1+. It is one of the few positively charged compound ions students must know.

What are the charges of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ?

Iron(II) forms Fe 2+ (2+ charge) and iron(III) forms Fe 3+ (3+ charge). The Roman numeral in the name gives the charge.

The carbonate ion has the formula .......... and carries a charge of .......... .

The carbonate ion has the formula CO 3 2- and carries a charge of 2− .

True or False? Group 6 non-metals form ions with a 2− charge.

True. Group 6 non-metals gain 2 electrons to fill their outer shell, forming ions with a 2− charge. For example, oxygen forms O 2- .

Give the formulae for the hydroxide and nitrate ions.

Hydroxide is OH - and nitrate is NO 3 - . Both carry a 1− charge.

What charge do Group 2 metal ions carry? Give an example.

Group 2 metal ions carry a 2+ charge. For example, magnesium forms Mg 2+ .

Silver forms the ion .......... and zinc forms the ion .......... .

Silver forms the ion Ag + and zinc forms the ion Zn 2+ .

Why do ionic compounds have no overall charge?

Ionic compounds have no overall charge because the positive charges of the cations are exactly cancelled by the negative charges of the anions .

In the swap-and-drop method, the size of the charge on the positive ion tells you how many .......... ions are needed.

In the swap-and-drop method, the size of the charge on the positive ion tells you how many negative ions are needed.

What is the formula of iron(II) sulfate?

The formula is FeSO 4 . Fe 2+ and SO 4 2- have equal and opposite charges that cancel directly, so one of each ion is needed.

True or False? The formula of copper(II) chloride is CuCl 2 .

True. Cu 2+ has a 2+ charge and Cl - has a 1− charge. Two chloride ions are needed to cancel the 2+ charge, giving CuCl 2 .

The formula of iron(III) chloride is .......... because three Cl - ions are needed to cancel the .......... charge of Fe 3+ .

The formula of iron(III) chloride is FeCl 3 because three Cl - ions are needed to cancel the 3+ charge of Fe 3+ .

When must brackets be included in an ionic formula?

Brackets are needed when more than one compound ion is required in the formula. For example, magnesium hydroxide is written Mg(OH) 2 , not MgOH 2 .

True or False? When using swap-and-drop on ions with the same charge, the result always gives the simplest whole number ratio.

False. Swap-and-drop on ions of the same charge can give a ratio that must then be simplified. Always reduce to the simplest whole number ratio .

Describe the swap-and-drop method for writing ionic formulae.

The swap-and-drop method involves swapping the sizes of the ion charges and using them as the subscript numbers in the formula, then simplifying to the lowest whole number ratio.

The formula of magnesium hydroxide is .......... because magnesium forms a .......... ion and two hydroxide ions are needed to balance the charge.

The formula of magnesium hydroxide is Mg(OH) 2 because magnesium forms a Mg 2+ ion and two hydroxide ions are needed to balance the charge.

What does a dot-and-cross diagram show for an ionic compound?

It shows the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a non-metal atom, using dots and crosses to represent electrons from each atom.

In a dot-and-cross diagram for an ionic compound, each ion is enclosed in .......... and the charge is shown in .......... outside the brackets.

In a dot-and-cross diagram for an ionic compound, each ion is enclosed in square brackets and the charge is shown in superscript outside the brackets.

In the dot-and-cross diagram for NaCl, how many electrons are transferred and in which direction?

One electron is transferred from the outer shell of the sodium atom to the outer shell of the chlorine atom, forming Na + and Cl - .

True or False? Only outer shell electrons are shown in dot-and-cross diagrams.

True. For exam purposes, only the outer shell electrons need to be shown. Inner shells are not required.

When magnesium reacts with oxygen, magnesium .......... two electrons and oxygen .......... two electrons to form the ions Mg 2+ and O 2- .

When magnesium reacts with oxygen, magnesium loses two electrons and oxygen gains two electrons to form the ions Mg 2+ and O 2- .

Describe a dot-and-cross diagram .

A dot-and-cross diagram is a representation of bonding that uses dots and crosses to distinguish electrons from different atoms, showing how they are transferred or shared.

True or False? In the dot-and-cross diagram for MgO, both atoms lose electrons.

False. Magnesium loses two electrons and oxygen gains two electrons. Electron transfer is always from metal to non-metal.

Which groups of elements must a student be able to draw dot-and-cross diagrams for in ionic bonding?

Students must be able to draw diagrams for combinations of elements from Groups 1, 2 and 3 (metals) and Groups 5, 6 and 7 (non-metals).

Why are different symbols used for electrons from each atom in a dot-and-cross diagram?

Different symbols (dots and crosses) are used to make it clear which electrons came from which atom, showing that electron transfer has occurred.

Define ionic bonding .

Ionic bonding is the strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions , acting in all directions in an ionic compound.

What is a giant ionic lattice ?

A giant ionic lattice is a regular three-dimensional arrangement of thousands of alternating positive and negative ions held together by strong electrostatic forces in all directions.

True or False? Ionic compounds conduct electricity in the solid state.

False. In the solid state, ions are in fixed positions in the lattice and cannot move, so they cannot carry a charge or conduct electricity.

Ionic compounds have high melting points because the .......... forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions require a large amount of .......... to overcome.

Ionic compounds have high melting points because the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions require a large amount of thermal energy to overcome.

Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water?

When molten or dissolved, the ions are free to move and can carry a charge, allowing electrical current to flow.

True or False? MgO has a higher melting point than NaCl because Mg 2+ and O 2- ions have greater charges than Na + and Cl - ions.

True. Higher ion charges produce stronger electrostatic forces. MgO contains 2+ and 2− ions, so more energy is needed to overcome its giant ionic lattice compared to NaCl.

In an ionic compound, the ions are tightly packed in a .......... arrangement with strong electrostatic forces acting in .......... directions.

In an ionic compound, the ions are tightly packed in a regular arrangement with strong electrostatic forces acting in all directions.

What carries the charge when an ionic compound conducts electricity?

The ions carry the charge. Electrons do not move through ionic compounds — it is the movement of free ions that allows conduction.

How does increasing the charge on the ions in an ionic compound affect its melting point?

Increasing the ion charges strengthens the electrostatic forces of attraction , so more energy is needed to break the lattice and the melting point is higher.

True or False? Electrostatic forces in ionic compounds only act between neighbouring ions.

False. Electrostatic forces in ionic compounds act in all directions , not just between immediate neighbours, which is why the giant ionic lattice is so stable.

IGCSEScienceEdexcelScience (Double Award)ChemistryFlashcards1. Principles of ChemistryIonic Bonding

Ionic Bonding (Edexcel IGCSE Science (Double Award): Chemistry): Flashcards

Exam code: 4SD0

1/47

0Still learning

Know0

FrontFormation of Ions
Define ion.

Was this flashcard helpful?

Cards in this collection (47)

Define ion.
An ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of electrons.
True or False?
Atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
True.
Atoms lose or gain electrons so that their outer shell becomes full, giving them a stable electronic structure like a noble gas.
What is the difference between a cation and an anion?
A cation is a positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons. An anion is a negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons.
When a sodium atom loses one electron, it forms a .......... charged ion with the electronic structure of .......... .
When a sodium atom loses one electron, it forms a positively charged ion with the electronic structure of neon.
Define cation.
A cation is a positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons, leaving it with more protons than electrons.
True or False?
Non-metals lose electrons to form positive ions.
False.
Non-metals gain electrons to form negatively charged ions (anions). It is metals that lose electrons to form positive ions.
How does the charge on an ion relate to the number of electrons lost or gained?
The charge equals the number of electrons lost or gained. For example, losing 2 electrons gives a 2+ charge and gaining 1 electron gives a 1− charge.
All metals .......... electrons to form .......... charged ions.
All metals lose electrons to form positively charged ions.
Which noble gas has the same electronic structure as a chloride ion?
A chloride ion has the same electronic structure as argon, having gained one electron to fill its outer shell.
What charge do Group 1 metal ions carry?
Group 1 metal ions carry a 1+ charge. For example, sodium forms Na⁺.
Group 7 non-metals form ions with a charge of .......... . For example, chlorine forms .......... .
Group 7 non-metals form ions with a charge of 1−. For example, chlorine forms Cl^-.
Define compound ion.
A compound ion is an ion made from more than one element, such as hydroxide (OH^-) or sulfate (SO₄^2-).
True or False?
The ammonium ion has a negative charge.
False.
The ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) carries a positive charge of 1+. It is one of the few positively charged compound ions students must know.
What are the charges of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺?
Iron(II) forms Fe²⁺ (2+ charge) and iron(III) forms Fe³⁺ (3+ charge). The Roman numeral in the name gives the charge.
The carbonate ion has the formula .......... and carries a charge of .......... .
The carbonate ion has the formula CO₃^2- and carries a charge of 2−.
True or False?
Group 6 non-metals form ions with a 2− charge.
True.
Group 6 non-metals gain 2 electrons to fill their outer shell, forming ions with a 2− charge. For example, oxygen forms O^2-.
Give the formulae for the hydroxide and nitrate ions.
Hydroxide is OH^- and nitrate is NO₃^-. Both carry a 1− charge.
What charge do Group 2 metal ions carry? Give an example.
Group 2 metal ions carry a 2+ charge. For example, magnesium forms Mg²⁺.
Silver forms the ion .......... and zinc forms the ion .......... .
Silver forms the ion Ag⁺ and zinc forms the ion Zn²⁺.
Why do ionic compounds have no overall charge?
Ionic compounds have no overall charge because the positive charges of the cations are exactly cancelled by the negative charges of the anions.
In the swap-and-drop method, the size of the charge on the positive ion tells you how many .......... ions are needed.
In the swap-and-drop method, the size of the charge on the positive ion tells you how many negative ions are needed.
What is the formula of iron(II) sulfate?
The formula is FeSO₄. Fe²⁺ and SO₄^2- have equal and opposite charges that cancel directly, so one of each ion is needed.
True or False?
The formula of copper(II) chloride is CuCl₂.
True.
Cu²⁺ has a 2+ charge and Cl^- has a 1− charge. Two chloride ions are needed to cancel the 2+ charge, giving CuCl₂.
The formula of iron(III) chloride is .......... because three Cl^- ions are needed to cancel the .......... charge of Fe³⁺.
The formula of iron(III) chloride is FeCl₃ because three Cl^- ions are needed to cancel the 3+ charge of Fe³⁺.
When must brackets be included in an ionic formula?
Brackets are needed when more than one compound ion is required in the formula. For example, magnesium hydroxide is written Mg(OH)₂, not MgOH₂.
True or False?
When using swap-and-drop on ions with the same charge, the result always gives the simplest whole number ratio.
False.
Swap-and-drop on ions of the same charge can give a ratio that must then be simplified. Always reduce to the simplest whole number ratio.
Describe the swap-and-drop method for writing ionic formulae.
The swap-and-drop method involves swapping the sizes of the ion charges and using them as the subscript numbers in the formula, then simplifying to the lowest whole number ratio.
The formula of magnesium hydroxide is .......... because magnesium forms a .......... ion and two hydroxide ions are needed to balance the charge.
The formula of magnesium hydroxide is Mg(OH)₂ because magnesium forms a Mg²⁺ ion and two hydroxide ions are needed to balance the charge.
What does a dot-and-cross diagram show for an ionic compound?
It shows the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a non-metal atom, using dots and crosses to represent electrons from each atom.
In a dot-and-cross diagram for an ionic compound, each ion is enclosed in .......... and the charge is shown in .......... outside the brackets.
In a dot-and-cross diagram for an ionic compound, each ion is enclosed in square brackets and the charge is shown in superscript outside the brackets.
In the dot-and-cross diagram for NaCl, how many electrons are transferred and in which direction?
One electron is transferred from the outer shell of the sodium atom to the outer shell of the chlorine atom, forming Na⁺ and Cl^-.
True or False?
Only outer shell electrons are shown in dot-and-cross diagrams.
True.
For exam purposes, only the outer shell electrons need to be shown. Inner shells are not required.
When magnesium reacts with oxygen, magnesium .......... two electrons and oxygen .......... two electrons to form the ions Mg²⁺ and O^2-.
When magnesium reacts with oxygen, magnesium loses two electrons and oxygen gains two electrons to form the ions Mg²⁺ and O^2-.
Describe a dot-and-cross diagram.
A dot-and-cross diagram is a representation of bonding that uses dots and crosses to distinguish electrons from different atoms, showing how they are transferred or shared.
True or False?
In the dot-and-cross diagram for MgO, both atoms lose electrons.
False.
Magnesium loses two electrons and oxygen gains two electrons. Electron transfer is always from metal to non-metal.
Which groups of elements must a student be able to draw dot-and-cross diagrams for in ionic bonding?
Students must be able to draw diagrams for combinations of elements from Groups 1, 2 and 3 (metals) and Groups 5, 6 and 7 (non-metals).
Why are different symbols used for electrons from each atom in a dot-and-cross diagram?
Different symbols (dots and crosses) are used to make it clear which electrons came from which atom, showing that electron transfer has occurred.
Define ionic bonding.
Ionic bonding is the strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions, acting in all directions in an ionic compound.
What is a giant ionic lattice?
A giant ionic lattice is a regular three-dimensional arrangement of thousands of alternating positive and negative ions held together by strong electrostatic forces in all directions.
True or False?
Ionic compounds conduct electricity in the solid state.
False.
In the solid state, ions are in fixed positions in the lattice and cannot move, so they cannot carry a charge or conduct electricity.
Ionic compounds have high melting points because the .......... forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions require a large amount of .......... to overcome.
Ionic compounds have high melting points because the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions require a large amount of thermal energy to overcome.
Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water?
When molten or dissolved, the ions are free to move and can carry a charge, allowing electrical current to flow.
True or False?
MgO has a higher melting point than NaCl because Mg²⁺ and O^2- ions have greater charges than Na⁺ and Cl^- ions.
True.
Higher ion charges produce stronger electrostatic forces. MgO contains 2+ and 2− ions, so more energy is needed to overcome its giant ionic lattice compared to NaCl.
In an ionic compound, the ions are tightly packed in a .......... arrangement with strong electrostatic forces acting in .......... directions.
In an ionic compound, the ions are tightly packed in a regular arrangement with strong electrostatic forces acting in all directions.
What carries the charge when an ionic compound conducts electricity?
The ions carry the charge. Electrons do not move through ionic compounds — it is the movement of free ions that allows conduction.
How does increasing the charge on the ions in an ionic compound affect its melting point?
Increasing the ion charges strengthens the electrostatic forces of attraction, so more energy is needed to break the lattice and the melting point is higher.
True or False?
Electrostatic forces in ionic compounds only act between neighbouring ions.
False.
Electrostatic forces in ionic compounds act in all directions, not just between immediate neighbours, which is why the giant ionic lattice is so stable.

Sign up to unlock flashcards

By signing up you agree to our Terms and Privacy Policy

Previous:Chemical Formulae, Equations, CalculationsNext:Covalent Bonding