11.8 Polymers (Cambridge (CIE) O Level Chemistry): Flashcards
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Define addition polymerisation.
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Define addition polymerisation.
Addition polymerisation is a reaction in which many unsaturated monomer molecules join through their C=C double bonds to form a long-chain polymer, with no other product formed.
In addition polymerisation, the double bond in each monomer ______ and the monomers link together to form a long ______.
In addition polymerisation, the double bond in each monomer opens and the monomers link together to form a long chain.
What monomer is used to make poly(ethene), and what type of polymerisation occurs?
Ethene is the monomer. The C=C double bonds open and many ethene molecules link together by addition polymerisation.
A polymer made from two different types of monomer is called a ______.
A polymer made from two different types of monomer is called a copolymer.
True or False?
Addition polymerisation produces both a polymer and water as products.
False.
Addition polymerisation produces only the polymer. No small molecule by-product such as water is formed.
The polymer made from propene is called ______.
The polymer made from propene is called poly(propene).
How is the repeat unit of an addition polymer related to its monomer?
The repeat unit has the same atoms as the monomer but contains only single bonds, as the C=C double bond opens during polymerisation.
What is condensation polymerisation?
Condensation polymerisation is a reaction in which monomers join together to form a polymer and a small molecule such as water as a by-product.
Condensation polymerisation produces a ______ alongside the polymer, whereas addition polymerisation produces the polymer ______ .
Condensation polymerisation produces a small molecule (such as water) alongside the polymer, whereas addition polymerisation produces the polymer only.
What type of bond links monomers in nylon, and what monomers are needed to make nylon?
Amide bonds link the monomers. Nylon is formed from a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine.
PET is a polyester formed from a ______ acid and a ______.
PET is a polyester formed from a dicarboxylic acid and a diol.
True or False?
Both addition and condensation polymerisation produce a small molecule such as water as a by-product.
False.
Only condensation polymerisation produces a small molecule by-product such as water. Addition polymerisation produces only the polymer.
Nylon contains ______ links between monomers, whereas PET contains ______ links.
Nylon contains amide links between monomers, whereas PET contains ester links.
State two differences between addition and condensation polymerisation.
Addition polymerisation uses monomers with a C=C double bond and produces no by-product, whereas condensation polymerisation uses monomers with two functional groups and produces a small molecule such as water.
Addition polymerisation requires monomers with a C=C ______ bond, whereas condensation polymerisation requires monomers with reactive ______ groups.
Addition polymerisation requires monomers with a C=C double bond, whereas condensation polymerisation requires monomers with two reactive functional groups.
Why are synthetic polymers described as non-biodegradable?
Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable because microorganisms cannot break them down, so they persist in the environment for a very long time.
Incineration of polymers produces ______ if combustion is complete, or ______ if combustion is incomplete.
Incineration of polymers produces carbon dioxide if combustion is complete, or carbon monoxide if combustion is incomplete.
Give two environmental problems caused by the non-biodegradable nature of synthetic polymers.
Non-biodegradable polymers accumulate in landfill sites and in oceans, where they persist for hundreds of years and can harm wildlife.
PET can be broken down back into its monomers by enzymes or by ______ methods using solvents with a catalyst.
PET can be broken down back into its monomers by enzymes or by chemical methods using solvents with a catalyst.
True or False?
PET is a polyester also known as terylene or polyethylene terephthalate.
True.
PET, terylene and polyethylene terephthalate are all names for the same polyester polymer.
PET can be converted back into its ______ by enzymes or by chemical methods, and then re-______ to make new plastic.
PET can be converted back into its monomers by enzymes or by chemical methods, and then re-polymerised to make new plastic.
State two methods by which PET can be broken down into its monomers.
PET can be converted back into its monomers using enzymes, or by chemical methods using solvents with a catalyst and mild heating, and then re-polymerised to make new plastic.
What is an amino acid?
An amino acid is a biological monomer containing an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH). Amino acids join together by condensation polymerisation to form proteins.
Proteins are formed by ______ polymerisation of amino acid monomers, producing ______ (peptide) links.
Proteins are formed by condensation polymerisation of amino acid monomers, producing amide (peptide) links.
How are proteins similar to nylon in terms of their polymer chemistry?
Both proteins and nylon are condensation polymers with amide links. Proteins use amino acids as monomers, while nylon uses a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid.
All amino acids have the same core structure but differ in their ______ chains.
All amino acids have the same core structure but differ in their (R) side chains.
True or False?
Proteins are addition polymers formed from amino acid monomers.
False.
Proteins are condensation polymers. Amino acids join with the loss of water to form amide (peptide) links.
Each amino acid contains an amino group (-NH2) and a ______ group (-COOH).
Each amino acid contains an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH).
What small molecule is released when two amino acids join by condensation polymerisation?
Water is released when two amino acids join. The amino group (-NH2) of one reacts with the carboxyl group (-COOH) of the other to form an amide link.
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