What are the approximate percentages of nitrogen and oxygen in clean, dry air?

Clean, dry air contains approximately 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. The remaining 1% consists of noble gases and carbon dioxide.

Nitrogen from the air is used in food ______ , the production of ammonia and the production of silicon chips.

Nitrogen from the air is used in food packaging , the production of ammonia and the production of silicon chips.

State three uses of oxygen obtained from the air.

Oxygen is used in steel making, welding and breathing apparatus.

Carbon monoxide is produced by the ______ combustion of carbon-containing fuels and is dangerous because it combines with ______ in the blood.

Carbon monoxide is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels and is dangerous because it combines with haemoglobin in the blood.

True or False? Carbon dioxide from the complete combustion of fossil fuels contributes to global warming.

True. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that absorbs thermal energy radiated from the Earth's surface and re-emits it, reducing heat lost to space and increasing global warming.

Sulfur dioxide is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels that contain ______ compounds.

Sulfur dioxide is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels that contain sulfur compounds.

What are the main sources of methane in the atmosphere?

Methane is produced by the decomposition of vegetation, by bacterial action in swamps and landfill sites and as a waste gas from digestion in animals.

Particulates from incomplete combustion can cause ______ problems and cancer.

Particulates from incomplete combustion can cause respiratory problems and cancer.

Name the two main greenhouse gases responsible for the enhanced greenhouse effect.

The two main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide and methane. Both absorb and re-emit thermal energy in the Earth's atmosphere.

Greenhouse gases absorb thermal energy radiated from the ______ and re-emit it back, reducing thermal energy lost to ______ .

Greenhouse gases absorb thermal energy radiated from the Earth and re-emit it back, reducing thermal energy lost to space .

What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?

The enhanced greenhouse effect is the increase in global temperatures caused by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases due to human activity. As more greenhouse gases accumulate, more thermal energy is trapped and the Earth's average temperature rises.

Global warming causes glaciers to melt, which raises ______ levels and can cause flooding in low-lying countries.

Global warming causes glaciers to melt, which raises sea levels and can cause flooding in low-lying countries.

True or False? Global warming may cause species to migrate to new areas as their original habitats become less habitable.

True. As temperatures rise, some species move to cooler or wetter areas where conditions are more suitable, while others may face extinction if they cannot adapt or migrate.

Global warming can cause the ______ of species due to the destruction of natural habitats.

Global warming can cause the extinction of species due to the destruction of natural habitats.

Why does global warming lead to an increased spread of diseases?

A warmer climate creates more favourable conditions for disease-carrying organisms, allowing them to survive and spread into areas where they were previously unable to live, increasing the risk of disease.

What is the purpose of a catalytic converter in a car exhaust system?

A catalytic converter converts harmful exhaust gases, including carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen, into less harmful products through redox reactions.

Catalytic converters contain transition metal catalysts including ______ and rhodium arranged in a ______ structure to maximise surface area.

Catalytic converters contain transition metal catalysts including platinum and rhodium arranged in a honeycomb structure to maximise surface area.

State three strategies that can reduce carbon dioxide emissions and slow climate change.

CO 2 emissions can be reduced by using hydrogen or renewable energy instead of fossil fuels, reducing livestock farming to lower methane emissions and planting trees to absorb more CO 2 .

In a catalytic converter, oxides of nitrogen are reduced to ______ gas.

In a catalytic converter, oxides of nitrogen are reduced to nitrogen/N 2 gas.

True or False? Flue gas desulfurisation removes sulfur dioxide from waste gases by reacting it with calcium oxide.

True. In flue gas desulfurisation, SO 2 reacts with calcium oxide to remove it from the waste gases before they are released into the atmosphere.

The overall reaction in a catalytic converter is: 2NO + 2CO → ______ + 2CO 2

The overall reaction in a catalytic converter is: 2NO + 2CO → N 2 + 2CO 2

How can sulfur dioxide emissions be reduced to prevent acid rain?

Sulfur dioxide emissions can be reduced by using fuels with low sulfur content or by flue gas desulfurisation, which removes SO 2 from waste gases by reacting it with calcium oxide. A catalytic converter does not remove SO 2 .

Planting more trees reduces CO 2 in the atmosphere because trees absorb CO 2 during ______ .

Planting more trees reduces CO 2 in the atmosphere because trees absorb CO 2 during photosynthesis .

What is photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction in which plants use energy from light and chlorophyll to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

The word equation for photosynthesis is: carbon dioxide + ______ → glucose + ______

The word equation for photosynthesis is: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

What two things are required for photosynthesis, in addition to carbon dioxide and water?

Photosynthesis requires chlorophyll (found in chloroplasts of plant cells) and energy from light. Without these, the reaction cannot take place.

The balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis is: ______ CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 .

The balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis is: 6 CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 .

True or False? Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction because it absorbs energy from the environment.

True. Photosynthesis is endothermic because more energy is absorbed breaking bonds in the reactants than is released forming bonds in the products, with the extra energy coming from light.

During photosynthesis, glucose is stored in the plant and ______ is released as a by-product.

During photosynthesis, glucose is stored in the plant and oxygen is released as a by-product.

Where does photosynthesis take place in a plant cell, and what pigment is essential for the reaction?

Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which are found in green plant cells. The pigment chlorophyll, located in the chloroplasts, absorbs the light energy needed for the reaction.

O LevelChemistryCambridge (CIE)Flashcards10. Chemistry of the Environment10.3 Air Quality & Climate

10.3 Air Quality & Climate (Cambridge (CIE) O Level Chemistry): Flashcards

Exam code: 5070

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What are the approximate percentages of nitrogen and oxygen in clean, dry air?

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What are the approximate percentages of nitrogen and oxygen in clean, dry air?
Clean, dry air contains approximately 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. The remaining 1% consists of noble gases and carbon dioxide.
Nitrogen from the air is used in food ______, the production of ammonia and the production of silicon chips.
Nitrogen from the air is used in food packaging, the production of ammonia and the production of silicon chips.
State three uses of oxygen obtained from the air.
Oxygen is used in steel making, welding and breathing apparatus.
Carbon monoxide is produced by the ______ combustion of carbon-containing fuels and is dangerous because it combines with ______ in the blood.
Carbon monoxide is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels and is dangerous because it combines with haemoglobin in the blood.
True or False?
Carbon dioxide from the complete combustion of fossil fuels contributes to global warming.
True.
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that absorbs thermal energy radiated from the Earth's surface and re-emits it, reducing heat lost to space and increasing global warming.
Sulfur dioxide is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels that contain ______ compounds.
Sulfur dioxide is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels that contain sulfur compounds.
What are the main sources of methane in the atmosphere?
Methane is produced by the decomposition of vegetation, by bacterial action in swamps and landfill sites and as a waste gas from digestion in animals.
Particulates from incomplete combustion can cause ______ problems and cancer.
Particulates from incomplete combustion can cause respiratory problems and cancer.
Name the two main greenhouse gases responsible for the enhanced greenhouse effect.
The two main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide and methane. Both absorb and re-emit thermal energy in the Earth's atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases absorb thermal energy radiated from the ______ and re-emit it back, reducing thermal energy lost to ______.
Greenhouse gases absorb thermal energy radiated from the Earth and re-emit it back, reducing thermal energy lost to space.
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?
The enhanced greenhouse effect is the increase in global temperatures caused by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases due to human activity. As more greenhouse gases accumulate, more thermal energy is trapped and the Earth's average temperature rises.
Global warming causes glaciers to melt, which raises ______ levels and can cause flooding in low-lying countries.
Global warming causes glaciers to melt, which raises sea levels and can cause flooding in low-lying countries.
True or False?
Global warming may cause species to migrate to new areas as their original habitats become less habitable.
True.
As temperatures rise, some species move to cooler or wetter areas where conditions are more suitable, while others may face extinction if they cannot adapt or migrate.
Global warming can cause the ______ of species due to the destruction of natural habitats.
Global warming can cause the extinction of species due to the destruction of natural habitats.
Why does global warming lead to an increased spread of diseases?
A warmer climate creates more favourable conditions for disease-carrying organisms, allowing them to survive and spread into areas where they were previously unable to live, increasing the risk of disease.
What is the purpose of a catalytic converter in a car exhaust system?
A catalytic converter converts harmful exhaust gases, including carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen, into less harmful products through redox reactions.
Catalytic converters contain transition metal catalysts including ______ and rhodium arranged in a ______ structure to maximise surface area.
Catalytic converters contain transition metal catalysts including platinum and rhodium arranged in a honeycomb structure to maximise surface area.
State three strategies that can reduce carbon dioxide emissions and slow climate change.
CO₂ emissions can be reduced by using hydrogen or renewable energy instead of fossil fuels, reducing livestock farming to lower methane emissions and planting trees to absorb more CO₂.
In a catalytic converter, oxides of nitrogen are reduced to ______ gas.
In a catalytic converter, oxides of nitrogen are reduced to nitrogen/N₂ gas.
True or False?
Flue gas desulfurisation removes sulfur dioxide from waste gases by reacting it with calcium oxide.
True.
In flue gas desulfurisation, SO₂ reacts with calcium oxide to remove it from the waste gases before they are released into the atmosphere.
The overall reaction in a catalytic converter is:
2NO + 2CO → ______ + 2CO₂
The overall reaction in a catalytic converter is:
2NO + 2CO → N₂ + 2CO₂
How can sulfur dioxide emissions be reduced to prevent acid rain?
Sulfur dioxide emissions can be reduced by using fuels with low sulfur content or by flue gas desulfurisation, which removes SO₂ from waste gases by reacting it with calcium oxide. A catalytic converter does not remove SO₂.
Planting more trees reduces CO₂ in the atmosphere because trees absorb CO₂ during ______.
Planting more trees reduces CO₂ in the atmosphere because trees absorb CO₂ during photosynthesis.
What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction in which plants use energy from light and chlorophyll to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
The word equation for photosynthesis is:
carbon dioxide + ______ → glucose + ______
The word equation for photosynthesis is:
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
What two things are required for photosynthesis, in addition to carbon dioxide and water?
Photosynthesis requires chlorophyll (found in chloroplasts of plant cells) and energy from light. Without these, the reaction cannot take place.
The balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis is:
______ CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
The balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis is:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
True or False?
Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction because it absorbs energy from the environment.
True.
Photosynthesis is endothermic because more energy is absorbed breaking bonds in the reactants than is released forming bonds in the products, with the extra energy coming from light.
During photosynthesis, glucose is stored in the plant and ______ is released as a by-product.
During photosynthesis, glucose is stored in the plant and oxygen is released as a by-product.
Where does photosynthesis take place in a plant cell, and what pigment is essential for the reaction?
Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which are found in green plant cells. The pigment chlorophyll, located in the chloroplasts, absorbs the light energy needed for the reaction.

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