A LevelComputer ScienceCambridge (CIE)Exam Questions20. Further ProgrammingProgramming Paradigms

Programming Paradigms (Cambridge (CIE) A Level Computer Science): Exam Questions

Exam code: 9618

1 hour15 questions
1a
3 marks

A declarative programming language is used to represent the features that are available and the features that are unavailable on different body styles of a car.

01 feature(sunroof).

02 feature(automatic_tailgate).

03 feature(heated_seats).

04 feature(extra_seats).

05 feature(reversing_camera).

06 feature(dashboard_camera).

07 feature(air_conditioning).

08 feature(heated_windscreen).

09 feature(satnav).

10 bodystyle(saloon).

11 bodystyle(hatchback).

12 bodystyle(estate).

13 bodystyle(minivan).

14 bodystyle(convertible).

15 available(sunroof, hatchback).

16 available(sunroof, minivan).

17 available(reversing_camera, hatchback).

18 available(extra_seats, minivan).

19 available(reversing_camera, saloon).

20 unavailable(sunroof, convertible).

21 unavailable(automatic_tailgate, saloon).

22 unavailable(extra_seats, hatchback).

These clauses have the meanings:

Clause

Meaning

01

Sunroof is a feature.

10

Saloon is a body style.

15

Sunroof is available on a hatchback.

20

Sunroof is unavailable on a convertible.

Sliding doors is a feature that is available on a minivan but unavailable on a hatchback.

Write additional clauses to represent this information.

23........................................................................

24........................................................................

25........................................................................

How did you do?

1b
1 mark

Using the variable Options, the goal:

available(Options, saloon)

returns

Options = reversing_camera

Write the result returned by the goal:

available(Options, hatchback)

Options = ........................

How did you do?

1c
4 marks

F may be available for B if F is a feature and B is a body style and F is not unavailable for that body style.

Write this as a rule:

may_choose_option(F, B)

IF .........................................

How did you do?

2a
4 marks

A declarative programming language is used to allow clients to choose daily activities at the beach.

01 activity(paddleboarding).

02 activity(sailing).

03 activity(rowing).

04 activity(kayaking).

05 activity(jetskiing).

06 client(stevie).

07 client(antonio).

08 client(henry).

09 client(eliza).

10 client(rebeka).

11 client(danny).

12 client(erik).

13 client(simone).

14 client(petra).

15 client(frankie).

16 choice(petra, rowing).

17 choice(frankie, sailing).

18 choice(erik, sailing).

19 choice(eliza, rowing).

20 choice(stevie, jetskiing).

21 choice(henry, sailing).

22 done(henry, jetskiing).

23 done(rebeka, jetskiing).

24 done(antonio, kayaking).

These clauses have the meanings:

Clause

Meaning

01

Paddle boarding is an activity

06

Stevie is a client.

16

Petra has chosen rowing

22

Henry has already done jet skiing.

Jane is a client who would like to choose the activity surfing and she has already done sailing.

Write additional clauses to represent this information.

25 ...............................................................

26 ...................................................................

27..................................................................

28 ...............................................................

How did you do?

2b
1 mark

Using the variable List, the goal:

choice(List, rowing)

returns

List = petra, eliza

Write the result returned by the goal:

choice(List, sailing)

List = ................................

How did you do?

2c
4 marks

C is a client who would like to choose A if A is an activity and C has not already done A.

Write this as a rule:

may_choose_activity(C, A)

IF ............................................

How did you do?

3a
3 marks

A declarative programming language is used to represent subjects that students can choose to study.

Students must choose two subjects

01 subject(mathematics).

02 subject(physics).

03 subject(chemistry).

04 subject(computer_science).

05 subject(geography).

06 subject(history).

07 subject(english).

08 subject(biology).

09 student(tomaz).

10 student(josephine).

11 student(elspeth).

12 student(nico).

13 student(teresa).

14 student(pietre).

15 choice1(tomaz, mathematics).

16 choice1(teresa, chemistry).

17 choice1(pietre, mathematics).

18 choice1(nico, mathematics).

19 choice1(elspeth, chemistry).

20 choice2(tomaz, computer_science).

21 choice2(nico, geography).

These clauses have the meanings:

Clause

Meaning

01

Mathematics is a subject.

09

Tomaz is a student.

15

Tomaz has chosen mathematics as his first choice.

20

Tomaz has chosen computer science as his second choice.

Anthony is a student who would like to study history and geography.

Write additional clauses to represent this information.

22 ...........................................

23 ..........................................

24 ...........................................

How did you do?

3b
1 mark

Using the variable X, the goal:

choice1(X, chemistry)

returns

X = teresa, elspeth

Write the result returned by the goal:

choice1(X, mathematics)

X = .................

How did you do?

3c
4 marks

Students must choose two different subjects such that:

N may choose S, if N is a student and S is a subject and N has not chosen S as the first choice.

Write this as a rule.

may_choose_subject(N, S)

IF .............................

How did you do?

4a
4 marks

A declarative programming language is used to represent some facts about people and their hobbies.

01 hobby(music).

02 hobby(caving).

03 hobby(climbing).

04 hobby(camping).

05 hobby(baking).

06 hobby(travelling).

07 person(toby).

08 person(natasha).

09 person(fatima).

10 person(joseph).

11 person(elijah).

12 person(nina).

13 enjoys(natasha, travelling).

14 enjoys(toby, climbing).

15 enjoys(nina, climbing).

16 enjoys(elijah, camping).

17 enjoys(fatima, baking).

18 enjoys(joseph, camping).

19 dislikes(toby, caving).

These clauses have the meanings:

Clause

Meaning

01

Music is a hobby

07

Toby is a person

13

Natasha enjoys travelling

19

Toby dislikes caving

Carlos is a person who enjoys the hobby of cycling but does not like music.

Write additional clauses to represent this information.

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

How did you do?

4b
1 mark

Using the variable P, the goal:

enjoys(P, camping)

returns

P = elijah, joseph

Write the result returned by the goal:

enjoys(P, climbing)

P = ....................

How did you do?

4c
4 marks

N is a person who might enjoy H if H is a hobby and N does not dislike H.

Write this as a rule.

might_enjoy(N, H)

IF .........................

How did you do?

5
2 marks

Two program code examples are shown.

Example 1

LDM #0

ADD Price

STO Total

Example 2

CLASS Book

    PRIVATE Title : STRING

    PUBLIC PROCEDURE NEW(GivenTitle : STRING)

        Title ← GivenTitle

    ENDPROCEDURE

ENDCLASS

Identify the programming paradigm used in each example.

How did you do?

6
2 marks

The following program is written in a declarative programming language.

01 parent(maya, ravi).

02 parent(ravi, tia).

03 parent(ravi, omar).

04 grandparent(G, C)

   IF parent(G, P) AND parent(P, C).

Describe what is meant by a declarative programming language. Refer to the program in your answer.

How did you do?

7
4 marks

The table shows part of the instruction set for a processor. The processor has one general purpose register, the Accumulator (ACC), and an Index Register (IX).

Opcode

Operand

Explanation

LDD

<address>

Direct addressing. Load the contents of the location at the given address to ACC

LDX

<address>

Indexed addressing. Form the address from <address> + the contents of the index register. Copy the contents of this calculated address to ACC

LDR

#n

Immediate addressing. Load the number n to IX

ADD

<address>

Add the contents of the given address to the ACC

STO

<address>

Store the contents of ACC at the given address

END

Return control to the operating system

<address> can be an absolute or a symbolic address. # denotes a denary number, for example #123.

A weather station stores five temperature readings in consecutive memory locations. The first reading is at the address with the label Temps.

Label

Address

Contents

Temps

200

18

201

23

202

21

203

26

204

19

Sum

205

0

Use only the given instruction set to write assembly language code to:

  • add the first reading and the fourth reading

  • store the result in the variable Sum.

You must use indexed addressing to load the fourth reading.

How did you do?

8
4 marks

The table describes four programming paradigms.

Complete the table by writing the name of the programming paradigm for each description.

Description

Programming paradigm

Each instruction has an opcode and an operand. The operand can use immediate, direct or indirect addressing.

The program is written as a set of facts and rules. A query is used to satisfy a goal.

Data and the methods that use the data are grouped together in a class. Objects are created as instances of the class.

Variables are changed by assignment statements. The statements are a sequence of commands that are carried out in the order they are written.

How did you do?

9
3 marks

A declarative programming language is used to represent the following facts about the rooms in a hotel.

01 roomtype(ruby, single).

02 roomtype(jade, double).

03 roomtype(opal, double).

04 roomtype(amber, family).

05 roomtype(pearl, single).

06 roomtype(coral, family).

07 floor(ruby, ground).

08 floor(jade, first).

09 floor(opal, ground).

10 floor(amber, first).

11 floor(pearl, first).

12 floor(coral, ground).

13 view(ruby, garden).

14 view(jade, sea).

15 view(opal, sea).

16 view(amber, sea).

17 view(pearl, garden).

18 view(coral, garden).

These clauses have the following meanings:

Clause

Meaning

01

Ruby is a single room.

07

Ruby is on the ground floor.

14

Jade has a sea view.

Using the variable Room, the goal:

floor(Room, ground)

returns

Room = ruby, opal, coral

(i) Write the goal, using the variable Stay, to find all the double rooms. [1]

(ii) Write the goal, using the variable Quiet, to find all the rooms that are on the first floor and have a garden view. [2]

How did you do?

10
4 marks

A school stores the name of each student and the club the student belongs to. Two programs are written to find the students who belong to the chess club.

Program A is written in pseudocode. The arrays already contain the data for five students.

DECLARE Name : ARRAY[1:5] OF STRING

DECLARE Club : ARRAY[1:5] OF STRING

DECLARE Index : INTEGER



FOR Index ← 1 TO 5

    IF Club[Index] = "chess" THEN

        OUTPUT Name[Index]

    ENDIF

NEXT Index

Program B is written in a declarative programming language.

01 member(ana, chess).

02 member(tomas, music).

03 member(wei, chess).

04 member(lina, drama).

05 member(omar, chess).

In Program B, the goal member(X, chess) returns X = ana, wei, omar

Explain how Program A and Program B show the difference between the imperative (procedural) paradigm and the declarative paradigm.

How did you do?

11
6 marks

A declarative programming language is used to represent the coaches and members at a sports centre.

01 coach(ana).

02 coach(bilal).

03 coach(chen).

04 member(lena).

05 member(omar).

06 member(sofia).

07 member(tariq).

08 qualified(ana, swimming).

09 qualified(chen, judo).

10 qualified(bilal, tennis).

11 qualified(chen, swimming).

12 qualified(bilal, judo).

13 wants(lena, judo).

14 wants(omar, swimming).

15 wants(sofia, tennis).

16 wants(tariq, judo).

17 injured(tariq).

These clauses have the following meanings:

Clause

Meaning

01

Ana is a coach.

04

Lena is a member.

08

Ana is qualified to teach swimming.

13

Lena wants to learn judo.

17

Tariq is injured.

(i) C can coach M if M wants to learn a sport S, C is qualified to teach S and M is not injured.

Write this as a rule.

can_coach(C, M)

IF ...........................................

[4]

(ii) Using the variable Who, write the result returned by the goal:

can_coach(Who, lena)

Who = ........................................ [1]

(iii) State why the goal can_coach(Who, tariq) returns no result. [1]

How did you do?

12
2 marks

Tick (✓) one box in each row to show whether the statement is true or false for an imperative (procedural) programming language.

Statement

True

False

Variables are changed by assignment statements.

The program is written as a set of facts and rules.

The statements are carried out in the order they are written.

The programmer states what the result must be, not how to find it.

Repetition is carried out using iteration, such as a loop.

How did you do?

13
6 marks

The table shows part of the instruction set for a processor. The processor has one general purpose register, the Accumulator (ACC).

Label

Opcode

Operand

Explanation

LDM

#n

Load the number n to ACC

LDD

<address>

Load the contents of the given address to ACC

LDI

<address>

The address to be used is at the given address. Load the contents of this second address to ACC

ADD

<address>

Add the contents of the given address to the ACC

SUB

<address>

Subtract the contents of the given address from the ACC

STO

<address>

Store the contents of the ACC at the given address

END

Return control to the operating system

<label>:

<data>

Gives a symbolic address <label> to the memory location with the contents <data>. <label> can be used in place of <address>

# denotes a denary number, for example #123.

A game program calculates a player's score.

Use only the given instruction set to write assembly language code to:

  • load the constant 100 using immediate addressing, and store it in memory so that it can be used later

  • load the value stored in the address contained in the variable Ptr

  • subtract the constant 100 from this value

  • add the value stored in the variable Bonus

  • store the result in the variable Score.

Your answer must also give a symbolic address to each memory location that the code uses.

How did you do?

14
3 marks

This pseudocode is written in an imperative (procedural) style.

DECLARE Balance : REAL

DECLARE Week : INTEGER



Balance ← 100.00

FOR Week ← 1 TO 4

    Balance ← Balance + 20.00

NEXT Week

OUTPUT Balance

Explain how this pseudocode shows three characteristics of imperative (procedural) programming.

How did you do?

15
4 marks

This pseudocode is written in an imperative (procedural) style.

01 DECLARE Stock : INTEGER

02 DECLARE Day : INTEGER

03 Stock ← 50

04 FOR Day ← 1 TO 3

05     Stock ← Stock - 10

06     OUTPUT Stock

07 NEXT Day

A programmer swaps line 05 and line 06, so that the OUTPUT statement comes before the assignment inside the loop.

State the values output by the original pseudocode and by the changed pseudocode. Explain what this shows about imperative (procedural) programming.

How did you do?