Socialism (Edexcel A Level Politics): Flashcards
Exam code: 9PL0
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Define collectivism.
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Define collectivism.
Collectivism is the principle that society is more important than the individual and that the needs of the community should take priority over individual interests.
Socialism developed in the century as a reaction to the inequality and exploitation caused by industrialisation and capitalism.
Socialism developed in the 19th century as a reaction to the inequality and exploitation caused by industrialisation and capitalism.
How did Marx and Engels argue collectivism should be achieved?
In The Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels argued collectivism should be achieved through common ownership and class solidarity.
Define alienation.
Alienation is a condition, produced by capitalism, that prevents individuals from understanding their role in society and damages common humanity.
What term describes the sense of brotherhood and mutual responsibility central to collectivism?
Fraternity describes the sense of brotherhood and mutual responsibility between individuals that is central to collectivism.
True or False?
Capitalism strengthens common humanity, according to socialists.
False.
Socialists argue that capitalism can undermine common humanity by encouraging competition and creating social divisions.
Define social equality.
Social equality is a condition where all individuals enjoy the same rights and access to opportunities and resources.
Which form of equality means everyone receives identical rewards and conditions?
Absolute equality means everyone receives identical rewards and conditions, reflecting full collectivism.
Define class consciousness.
Class consciousness is the awareness of one's class position and the wider class struggle.
True or False?
Marx and Engels argued that history is driven by class conflict.
True.
Marx and Engels argued that history is driven by class conflict, with the bourgeoisie maintaining power over the proletariat.
Define workers' control.
Workers' control is the principle that workplaces should be collectively managed for the benefit of those who work in them.
What did Anthony Giddens promote instead of fixed class and economic roles?
Anthony Giddens promoted active individualism, suggesting that class and fixed economic roles matter less than individuals shaping their own identities.
What are the three strands of socialism?
The three strands of socialism are revolutionary socialism, social democracy and the Third Way.
Define revolutionary socialism.
Revolutionary socialism argues that capitalism must be overthrown and replaced with collective ownership through a workers' revolution.
True or False?
Social democracy calls for a workers' revolution to achieve socialism.
False.
Social democracy supports gradual, evolutionary change through elections and legislation rather than revolution.
Define social democracy.
Social democracy supports gradual, evolutionary change that reforms capitalism through elections and legislation to achieve socialism's goals.
Which principle central to revolutionary socialism holds that workers across the world share common interests?
Internationalism is central to revolutionary socialism, as workers across the world share common interests.
Define a mixed economy.
A mixed economy is one where the state regulates markets but allows private enterprise.
What do revolutionary socialists want to abolish and replace with collective ownership?
Revolutionary socialists call for the abolition of private property, replaced with collective ownership to ensure fairness and equality.
Define the Third Way.
The Third Way seeks to combine a free-market economy with equality of opportunity, social mobility and partnership between the state, business and individuals.
True or False?
Revolutionary socialists believe capitalism should be reformed rather than overthrown.
False.
Revolutionary socialists believe capitalism must be overthrown, not reformed.
How do social democrats fund a strong welfare state?
Social democrats fund a strong welfare state through progressive taxation to reduce inequality and promote social justice.
The Third Way supports a reduced but welfare state, aimed at education, training and childcare to promote opportunity.
The Third Way supports a reduced but strategic welfare state, aimed at education, training and childcare to promote opportunity.
Does the Third Way focus on equality of opportunity or equality of outcome?
The Third Way focuses on equality of opportunity rather than equality of outcome.
Define historical materialism.
Historical materialism is the idea that the way in which production occurs has shaped society.
Through what did Marx and Engels argue class struggle is expressed?
Marx and Engels argued that history is driven by class struggle, expressed through the dialectic.
Define the inevitability of gradualness.
The inevitability of gradualness is Beatrice Webb's belief that socialism should be achieved through gradual reform rather than revolution.
True or False?
Beatrice Webb believed socialism should be achieved through revolution.
False.
Beatrice Webb saw socialism as an evolutionary process achieved through gradual reform and legislation.
Define mass action.
Mass action, including strikes, protests and revolutionary mobilisation, is what Rosa Luxemburg believed was essential to empower the working class.
True or False?
Rosa Luxemburg supported gradual, evolutionary socialism.
False.
Rosa Luxemburg strongly opposed reformism, arguing it left the capitalist system intact.
According to Crosland, can properly managed capitalism deliver social justice and equality?
Crosland argued that capitalism, if properly managed, can deliver both social justice and equality.
How did Crosland believe inequality should be reduced instead of through revolution?
Crosland believed inequality could be reduced through targeted welfare measures, comprehensive education and policies that expand opportunity rather than revolution.
Define Third Way pragmatism.
Third Way pragmatism seeks to combine the efficiency of free-market capitalism with the pursuit of social justice.
Giddens emphasised equality of rather than absolute equality.
Giddens emphasised equality of opportunity rather than absolute equality.
Define revolutionary class consciousness.
Revolutionary class consciousness is where the exploited class develops a common understanding of the need for revolution to remove those who exploit them.
Did Beatrice Webb support the growth or the abolition of the state?
Beatrice Webb supported the growth of the state, not its abolition, favouring an enlarged welfare system and stronger social protection.
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