Regionalism & the EU (Edexcel A Level Politics): Flashcards
Exam code: 9PL0
1/690Still learning
Know0
- FrontForms of Regionalism
Define regionalism.
Was this flashcard helpful?
Cards in this collection (69)
Define regionalism.
Regionalism refers to the interconnected relationships that have formed between groups of states for reasons such as geographical proximity, shared language, culture, religion or history, and similar goals or levels of development.
Define economic regionalism.
Economic regionalism is the process by which states in a specific region form agreements to cooperate economically so that all will benefit.
Define security regionalism.
Security regionalism is when countries in the same region work together to prevent and combat shared threats to security, such as terrorism or conflict.
Which organisation is an exception to economic regionalism because its members are not geographically close but share oil?
The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an exception, as its members are not all geographically close but share the valuable natural resource of oil.
True or False?
Political regionalism is based mainly on geographical location.
False.
Political regionalism is based less on geographical location and more on shared political values.
Give two examples of regional security organisations.
Examples of regional security organisations include NATO and the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
The most well-known examples of economic regionalism are mutually beneficial agreements made between states in the same region.
The most well-known examples of economic regionalism are mutually beneficial trade agreements made between states in the same region.
Name one non-state group associated with political regionalism.
Non-state groups associated with political regionalism include Catalonia in Spain, Scotland in the UK and Quebec in Canada.
True or False?
A growth in regionalism is often seen as a response to globalisation and global governance.
True.
A growth in regionalism is often thought to be a response to global governance and to globalisation in general.
Which global body, seen as favouring powerful states, is cited as fuelling the growth of regionalism?
The UN Security Council is cited as an institution perceived to favour powerful states, fuelling the growth of regionalism.
Frustrations with global development organisations such as the World Trade Organisation, the International Monetary Fund and the contribute to the growth of regionalism.
Frustrations with global development organisations such as the World Trade Organisation, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank contribute to the growth of regionalism.
Give one shared security threat that security regionalism aims to combat.
Security regionalism aims to combat shared threats such as terrorism, cyber-attacks, resource scarcity or conflict.
Define political regionalism.
Political regionalism refers to states within one region working together to address shared political challenges and concerns.
In which global arena can political regionalism help smaller states increase their collective power?
Political regionalism can help smaller states unite and increase their collective power in larger arenas such as the United Nations.
True or False?
Regionalism can lead states to ignore global governance institutions and norms.
True.
Critics argue that regionalism can create a situation where states ignore global governance and institutions and norms on promoting economic development or human rights.
By sovereignty, states cannot control all decision-making and must compromise.
By pooling sovereignty, states cannot control all decision-making and must compromise.
In the EU, which two institutions exercise the supranational decision-making that can override national law?
In the EU, the European Commission and the European Court of Justice exercise supranational decision-making, as EU law can override national law.
What national control does the EU Single Market's free movement of people limit?
The free movement of people limits national control over immigration and borders, challenging the idea that states have complete authority over their territory.
According to supporters, what does regionalism allow smaller states to gain against larger powers?
Supporters argue that regionalism allows smaller states to gain collective strength and avoid being exploited by larger, powerful states at the global level.
Define the EU's democratic deficit.
The EU's democratic deficit is the criticism that citizens may feel disconnected from decisions made by EU institutions, reducing their perceived political agency.
Regional governance can strengthen the preservation of .
Regional governance can strengthen the preservation of language, culture and history.
Give one cross-border issue that regional governance can help address.
Regional governance can help address cross-border issues such as armed resistance groups or infectious disease.
True or False?
Critics argue that EU integration strengthens national identity.
False.
Some critics argue that EU integration weakens national identity, as shared laws and policies can erode distinctive political traditions.
In which year was NAFTA replaced by the USMCA?
NAFTA was replaced by the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) in 2020.
Define the USMCA.
The USMCA is the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, which replaced NAFTA in 2020 and is often described as NAFTA 2.0, updating rules on labour, trade and manufacturing while keeping free trade in place.
How many member states does the African Union have?
The African Union has 55 member states, comprising all African states.
The African Union replaced the in 2002 and was partly modelled on the European Union.
The African Union replaced the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 2002 and was partly modelled on the European Union.
Why did regionalism, as embodied by the African Union, develop in Africa?
African regionalism developed as a response to colonial exploitation and injustice, as newly independent states sought self-determination and saw cooperation as a way to protect sovereignty and promote collective development.
True or False?
The African Union has joined the G20.
True.
The African Union has joined the G20, increasing Africa's representation in global governance.
Define the Arab League.
The Arab League is a regional organisation formed in 1945 in Cairo, Egypt, that strengthens solidarity between Arab states with shared political, linguistic and cultural ties and provides a platform for cooperation.
Which cause has the Arab League advocated for since 1949?
The Arab League has played a significant diplomatic role in advocating for Palestinian statehood since 1949.
In which year was ASEAN established?
ASEAN was established in 1967 to encourage cooperation and stability in Southeast Asia.
True or False?
ASEAN takes a strong, enforcing approach to cooperation among its members.
False.
ASEAN adopts a soft approach, encouraging rather than enforcing cooperation.
ASEAN's soft approach, encouraging rather than enforcing cooperation, has been criticised for producing a to human rights issues such as the Rohingya crisis involving Myanmar.
ASEAN's soft approach, encouraging rather than enforcing cooperation, has been criticised for producing a weak response to human rights issues such as the Rohingya crisis involving Myanmar.
From 2025, how did the USA's renewed 'America First' approach threaten the USMCA?
The USA imposed tariffs on Canada and Mexico and threatened further action, reflecting a more unilateral approach to trade.
Define a supranational organisation.
A supranational organisation is an organisation made up of multiple countries where member states agree to share or transfer some sovereignty, allowing it to make binding decisions that can override national laws in certain areas.
In which year did the Treaty of Rome establish the EEC?
The Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957.
The Maastricht Treaty came into force on 1 November , transforming the European Community into the European Union.
The Maastricht Treaty came into force on 1 November 1993, transforming the European Community into the European Union.
Which EU institution proposes laws and makes political and strategic decisions?
The European Commission makes political and strategic decisions and proposes laws to Parliament.
Define the role of the European Court of Justice.
The European Court of Justice ensures that EU laws are correctly enforced across EU countries and clarifies points of EU law referred to it by national courts.
True or False?
The European Council is made up of the leaders of each EU member country.
True.
The European Council is made up of the presidents and prime ministers of each member country and decides the EU's overall political direction and priorities.
In which year did the UK, along with Gibraltar, exit the EU?
The UK, along with Gibraltar, exited the EU in 2020.
When did Ukraine apply to become a member of the EU?
Ukraine applied to become a member of the EU in February 2022, just days after the Russian invasion.
The Treaty of Lisbon came into force on 1 December to make the EU more democratic and efficient.
The Treaty of Lisbon came into force on 1 December 2009 to make the EU more democratic and efficient.
Define economic and monetary union.
Economic and monetary union is where EU countries coordinate their economic policies and share a single currency, the Euro, to promote economic stability and integration.
Which EU institution sets monetary policy under economic and monetary union?
The European Central Bank (ECB) sets monetary policy and acts as the central supervisor of financial institutions.
True or False?
The Schengen border-free zone requires passport checks between member countries.
False.
The Schengen border-free zone abolishes internal border controls, allowing people to travel freely without passport checks.
What is the EU's standing in the provision of global humanitarian aid?
The EU is the world's number one donor of humanitarian aid, which is seen as evidence of its political influence as a global actor (1.7 billion Euros in 2023).
Define the EU's structural influence.
The EU's structural influence is its standing as a widely recognised global model for regionalism that embodies the principles of globalisation.
During the Covid pandemic, the EU dispersed vaccines and financial support to over 150 countries, demonstrating its influence.
During the Covid pandemic, the EU dispersed vaccines and financial support to over 150 countries, demonstrating its political influence.
True or False?
The EU has its own central military force.
False.
The EU has no central military force and relies on NATO for defence.
On which organisation does the EU rely for its defence?
The EU relies on NATO for defence, which has led to allegations that it is a 'US puppet'.
Which member state, with the EU's largest economy, is often equated as the EU's representative?
Germany, which has the largest economy in the EU, is often equated as the EU's representative, undermining its structural integrity.
Define the EU's economic influence.
The EU's economic influence stems from its free trade zone and single currency, and it is the single biggest source of development aid globally.
Which event is described as a blow to global perceptions of the EU's structural power?
The UK leaving the EU was a blow to global perceptions of the structural power of the EU.
The EU has no central military force, so it relies on its to provide troops for peacekeeping missions.
The EU has no central military force, so it relies on its member states to provide troops for peacekeeping missions in areas such as Bosnia, Chad and Eastern Congo.
In a crisis, which two member states are called upon to represent the EU?
In a crisis, Germany and France (and formerly the UK) are called upon to represent the EU.
True or False?
The EU is a strong advocate of human rights within the United Nations.
True.
The EU is a strong advocate of human rights within the United Nations and other international arenas.
Define the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).
The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) sets out a legally binding framework of civil and political rights that Council of Europe member states must uphold, enforced through the European Court of Human Rights.
According to cultural relativists, are human rights universal?
Cultural relativists argue that human rights are not universal and that cultural values should be considered.
Conflict and poverty are not confined by borders, so instability often throughout entire regions.
Conflict and poverty are not confined by borders, so instability often spreads throughout entire regions.
What does the 2023 Sudan war show about the regional impact of conflict?
The 2023 Sudan war shows that conflict is not confined by borders, as displacement and instability spread into neighbouring states already facing poverty and conflict.
Define the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam.
The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam sets out an Islamic interpretation of human rights, stating that all rights and freedoms are subject to Sharia law rather than universal international standards.
True or False?
The ASEAN Human Rights Declaration is a legally binding document.
False.
The ASEAN Human Rights Declaration is non-binding and explicitly allows rights to be limited by national laws and cultural values.
Which body fosters environmental cooperation between the Arctic states?
The Arctic Council fosters environmental cooperation between the Arctic states.
Define the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.
The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights establishes a regional human rights framework for African states that protects individual and collective rights while emphasising duties owed to the community and the state.
The presence of armed groups, such as Wagner and M23, further a region already facing poverty and conflict.
The presence of armed groups, such as Wagner and M23, further destabilises a region already facing poverty and conflict.
True or False?
The African Union has been criticised for failing to deliver on the promise of 'African solutions for African problems' in Sudan.
True.
The African Union has been criticised for failing to deliver African solutions and for relying on the USA to dominate peace efforts.
What action has the International Criminal Court taken over the Sudan conflict?
The International Criminal Court has launched investigations into alleged war crimes in the Sudan conflict.
Sign up to unlock flashcards
or