The State & Globalisation (Edexcel A Level Politics): Flashcards
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Define a nation-state.
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Cards in this collection (48)
Define a nation-state.
A nation-state is a clearly defined geographical area with internationally recognised borders.
On what principle of international law do states base their recognition of Palestine?
They base it on self-determination, the principle that peoples should be able to govern themselves.
True or False?
A nation-state is often seen as the most powerful actor in global politics.
True.
The nation-state is often seen as the most powerful actor in global politics.
Which two groups refer to themselves as nation-states despite lacking internationally recognised borders?
The Kurds and Palestinians refer to themselves as nation-states despite lacking a clearly defined area with internationally recognised borders.
Palestine has a population, claimed territory and governing bodies, which some argue give it the key elements of .
Palestine has a population, claimed territory and governing bodies, which some argue give it the key elements of statehood.
What does Palestine's backing at the UN demonstrate about the basis for its recognition as a nation-state?
It demonstrates strong international support, as over 130 UN member states recognise Palestine and it holds non-member observer state status at the UN.
Define national sovereignty.
National sovereignty is the principle that a state has ultimate authority to govern itself and make decisions within its own borders without interference from other states or external organisations.
What are the four characteristics of national sovereignty?
The four characteristics are control of territory; control of citizens, subjects and residents; exclusive use of force; and international recognition.
True or False?
Under national sovereignty, any organisation within a state may lawfully use force.
False.
Only the government of the state has the authority to use force, usually through military and police action.
What do repeated cross-border attacks on the Democratic Republic of Congo by armed groups such as M23 reveal about its sovereignty?
They reveal weak control of its borders, leaving the government unable to monitor those crossing and threatening the stability of the state.
When non-state actors such as drug cartels use widespread violence, they can significantly contribute to a state's political .
When non-state actors such as drug cartels use widespread violence, they can significantly contribute to a state's political instability.
What happens to a state's sovereignty when its government becomes ineffective or corrupt?
Citizens are left unprotected and justice systems and economic stability are threatened, which can push a state to the verge of collapse, as seen in Haiti.
Define globalisation.
Globalisation broadly refers to the interconnectedness and interdependence of multiple actors in the world today.
Who or what sits at the centre of globalisation?
At the centre of globalisation are people, who act politically as citizens, voters, workers and activists.
Why is climate change described as a strong example of globalisation?
Climate change is a global problem that no single state can solve alone, so states cooperate through international agreements such as the Paris Climate Accord (2015).
What are the four factors driving globalisation?
The four factors driving globalisation are technology, transport, people and international institutions.
Liberal international institutions that emerged after 1945, such as the UN, IMF and WTO, drive globalisation mainly by promoting free trade and international .
Liberal international institutions that emerged after 1945, such as the UN, IMF and WTO, drive globalisation mainly by promoting free trade and international cooperation.
Which technological developments have transformed global connectivity?
The World Wide Web, alongside personal computers, smartphones and social media, has transformed global connectivity.
Define hyperglobalisers.
Hyperglobalisers argue that globalisation has strengthened and unified the global economy while the importance of national economies declines.
True or False?
Realists believe that interdependence and interconnectedness strengthen the power of the state.
False.
Realists see interdependence and interconnectedness as threats to the power of the state.
Define globalisation sceptics.
Globalisation sceptics argue that globalisation has led to greater wealth inequality and threatens the stability of the state.
Which liberal thinker sees globalisation as the key to global justice?
The liberal thinker John Rawls sees globalisation as the key to global justice.
Define transformationalists.
Transformationalists argue that globalisation is neither all positive nor all negative, but simply a process that is shaping the way societies interact.
What does John Mearsheimer argue about globalisation?
John Mearsheimer argues that some states use globalisation to hugely increase their power, threatening global stability.
Define a global monoculture.
A global monoculture is a homogenised culture, often dominated by Western or American values, that can marginalise local cultures.
What is one advantage of globalisation allowing ideas and technology to spread quickly?
The rapid spread of ideas and technology can improve healthcare, education and economic development, especially in developing states.
True or False?
Globalisation can weaken cultural traditions and local identities.
True.
Cultural traditions and local identities can be weakened, leading some societies to resist globalisation and turn towards nationalism.
How are the benefits of globalisation distributed between states?
The benefits are unevenly distributed, with wealthier states and multinational corporations often gaining more.
Around which shared value has globalisation created a sense of global community?
Globalisation has created a sense of global community based on shared values, particularly human rights.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) reflects the principle that all people hold rights regardless of their .
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) reflects the principle that all people hold rights regardless of their nationality.
Since when have international human rights developed through global institutions such as the UN?
International human rights have developed through global institutions such as the UN since World War Two.
How does the expectation to follow global human rights norms affect the nation-state?
It limits national sovereignty, as governments may be criticised for domestic policies that were previously seen as internal matters.
Define intergovernmental organisations (IGOs).
Intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), such as the United Nations and the European Union, are bodies that promote strength through unity between states.
In 2016, after years of association with the European Union, the UK voted to leave.
In 2016, after 37 years of association with the European Union, the UK voted to leave.
States willingly join intergovernmental organisations, hoping interdependence will promote , economic development and political stability.
States willingly join intergovernmental organisations, hoping interdependence will promote peace, economic development and political stability.
According to Prime Minister Sunak, how did EU membership threaten UK national sovereignty?
Sunak argued that EU membership forced the UK to accept immigration and economic policies that were harmful to its society and economy.
Define poverty.
Poverty is a condition where individuals or groups lack sufficient income and resources to meet basic needs such as food, housing, healthcare and education.
Define the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are goals agreed by all UN member states that aim to promote global peace and prosperity through a unified, multi-national approach.
The benefits of economic globalisation are distributed, with wealthier nations benefiting more.
The benefits of economic globalisation are unevenly distributed, with wealthier nations benefiting more.
True or False?
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are legally binding on member states.
False.
The goals are not legally binding, meaning states retain their sovereignty and cannot be forced to comply.
How can globalisation lead to conflict within a state?
Within a state, globalisation can intensify economic inequalities, which can cause internal conflict.
True or False?
Realists argue that globalisation has little impact on a state's decision to engage in conflict.
True.
Realists argue that powerful states will always prioritise their own interests, so globalisation has little impact on the decision to engage in conflict.
Which declaration do the UN and NGOs argue all states should promote and enforce?
The UN and many NGOs argue that all states should promote and enforce the universality of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
What ultimately determines whether human rights are enforced within a state?
National sovereignty still determines whether or not human rights are enforced within a state.
How does the international community try to improve human rights in states such as Iran?
It uses a multilateral approach involving many actors, including NGOs (such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch), the UN Human Rights Council and state sanctions.
Transporting goods by air, sea and land produces high levels of and pollution.
Transporting goods by air, sea and land produces high levels of greenhouse gases and pollution.
Why can no single state effectively regulate shipping emissions on its own?
Because shipping mainly operates in international waters, no single state can regulate emissions effectively on its own, showing the limits of national sovereignty.
Besides climate change, what local impact does shipping pollution have?
It worsens air quality, particularly in port cities and coastal areas, harming public health and increasing pressure on governments to act.
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