Lines of Reasoning & Methods of Development (College Board AP® English Language & Composition): Flashcards
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What reveals the overall line of reasoning in an argument?
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Cards in this collection (29)
What reveals the overall line of reasoning in an argument?
The topic sentences and the paragraph sequence reveal the overall line of reasoning.
Define supporting claim.
A supporting claim is a claim that develops one part of the thesis and contributes to its defense.
In the relationship between claims, evidence and reasoning, what does reasoning answer?
Reasoning answers why the evidence supports the reason.
Define inductive reasoning.
Inductive reasoning is an arrangement that begins with evidence or observations and moves toward a broader conclusion.
When may inductive reasoning be effective?
Inductive reasoning may be effective when the writer wants to lead the audience into noticing a pattern or build gradually toward a qualified position.
Define deductive reasoning.
Deductive reasoning is an arrangement that begins with a general claim and then presents reasons and evidence that support it.
Deductive reasoning may be effective when the writer's position should be clear _________.
Deductive reasoning may be effective when the writer's position should be clear immediately.
True or False?
In a synthesis paragraph, commentary connects source evidence only to the paragraph's supporting reason.
False.
Commentary also connects the supporting reason to the thesis and source evidence to other source evidence.
Define source evidence.
Source evidence is quoted, paraphrased, summarized or visual information drawn from a source.
The paragraphs of a synthesis essay may move from immediate effects to long-term __________.
The paragraphs of a synthesis essay may move from immediate effects to long-term consequences.
What does the order of body paragraphs show?
The order of body paragraphs shows how the writer wants the audience to understand the argument.
True or False?
When several sources agree, their agreement proves the writer's claim.
False.
Treating agreement among sources as proof is a flaw that can interrupt a line of reasoning.
In a strong line of reasoning, how far can the conclusion go?
In a strong line of reasoning, the conclusion does not go beyond what the evidence can support.
True or False?
Removing an important qualification from a source's idea is acceptable if it helps the source fit the writer's argument.
False.
Misrepresenting source evidence is a flaw in a line of reasoning. A writer should not exaggerate a source's idea or remove an important qualification to make it fit the argument.
Assuming a ____ relationship without sufficient support is a flaw that can interrupt a line of reasoning.
Assuming a causal relationship without sufficient support is a flaw that can interrupt a line of reasoning.
Define method of development.
A method of development is an approach used to develop and organize the reasoning in an argument.
Which five methods of development does AP Lang instruction often focus on?
AP Lang instruction often focuses on narration, cause-effect, comparison-contrast, definition and description.
Why do methods of development matter for arguments?
Methods of development matter because they help readers follow a writer's line of reasoning. Without a clear method, a paragraph may feel like a list of disconnected ideas.
Define narration.
Narration is a method of development that uses a story or sequence of events to illustrate a point.
True or False?
In argument writing, narration is storytelling for its own sake.
False.
In argument writing, the story should reveal something significant about the claim.
Define cause-effect.
Cause-effect is a method of development that explains why something happens or what consequences result.
As well as one cause with several effects, a cause-effect argument may focus on a ___ of causes and effects.
As well as one cause with several effects, a cause-effect argument may focus on a chain of causes and effects.
Define comparison-contrast.
Comparison-contrast is a method of development that examines similarities and differences between subjects using like categories.
Define definition as a method of development.
Definition is a method of development that clarifies the meaning or boundaries of a term or idea.
Define description as a method of development.
Description is a method of development that uses details, features or sensory information to help readers understand a subject.
True or False?
A strong argument should use only one method of development.
False.
Most strong arguments combine methods, which work together to support the same line of reasoning.
Define rhetorical mode.
A rhetorical mode is a broad pattern of writing, such as narration, description, definition, comparison or cause-effect.
Define organizational pattern.
An organizational pattern is the order or structure used to arrange ideas in a paragraph, passage or essay.
Which organizational pattern may narration use?
Narration may use chronological order.
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