Migration (College Board AP® Human Geography): Flashcards
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- FrontCauses of Migration
Define push factors.
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Cards in this collection (54)
Define push factors.
Push factors are forces that drive people away from their present location.
Define pull factors.
Pull factors are forces that draw people to a new place or location.
Give two examples of push factors.
Examples of push factors include war, political instability, a lack of jobs, or a lack of sufficient food or water.
Give two examples of pull factors.
Examples of pull factors include plentiful jobs, greater educational opportunities, or the opportunity to be near family.
Into what four categories can push and pull factors be divided?
Push and pull factors may be environmental, political, economic, or cultural.
Define internal migration.
Internal migration is migration between areas within one country.
Define international migration.
International migration is migration between two countries.
Which is the most common type of migration?
Internal migration is the most common type of movement.
Define net migration.
Net migration is the difference between immigration to a place and emigration from the same place.
What are the three largest flows of migration?
The three largest flows of migration are Asia to Europe, Asia to North America, and Latin America to North America.
At a global scale, in which direction do people generally migrate?
At a global scale, people generally migrate from the developing to the developed world.
What do Ravenstein's laws of migration attempt to explain?
Ravenstein's laws attempt to explain why migrants move, the distance they move, and the major characteristics of migration.
According to Ravenstein's laws, most migration is over what distance?
According to Ravenstein's laws, most migration is over short distances.
According to Ravenstein's laws, most migrants are .
According to Ravenstein's laws, most migrants are adults.
True or False?
According to Ravenstein's laws, urban dwellers are more migratory than rural dwellers.
False.
According to Ravenstein's laws, rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers.
Define intervening opportunity.
An intervening opportunity is something that causes a migrant to stop at a place between the place they left and the place they intended to move to.
Define intervening obstacle.
An intervening obstacle is an environmental, cultural, or political feature that limits migration.
Give an example of an intervening obstacle.
An intervening obstacle could be a desert or large body of water, or a government's laws limiting immigration.
Define step migration.
Step migration refers to migration that occurs in stages between the point of origin and the destination.
Define forced migration.
Forced migration refers to the movement of migrants due to external causes, when people migrate not because they want to but because they have no other choice.
What determines whether migration is classed as forced or voluntary?
Migration is characterized as either forced or voluntary based on the cause of the movement.
Give two causes of forced migration.
Forced migrants may be fleeing unstable political situations, wars, famines, natural disasters, or cultural issues.
Define refugee.
A refugee is a migrant who leaves their country with the intent to return and crosses international borders.
Define internally displaced person (IDP).
An internally displaced person (IDP) is an individual forced to flee their home but who remains within the same country.
Define asylum seeker.
An asylum seeker is a person who migrates to another country hoping to be recognized as a refugee, because they are fleeing political persecution or human rights violations.
True or False?
Refugees and IDPs generally migrate due to political or environmental crises.
True.
Refugees and IDPs generally migrate due to political or environmental crises.
Define voluntary migration.
Voluntary migration refers to people choosing to move to a new location without being forced.
Define transnational migration.
Transnational migration refers to movement from one country to another across an international border.
Define chain migration.
Chain migration occurs when new immigrants move to places where family members and friends from their home country have already migrated.
Define step migration.
Step migration refers to migration to a final destination that takes place in stages.
True or False?
A guest worker is allowed into a country permanently.
False.
A guest worker is a legal immigrant allowed into the country to work, usually for a specified amount of time.
Define brain drain.
Brain drain refers to the process whereby highly skilled and educated migrants leave one country for another.
In which direction do brain drain migrants generally move?
Brain drain migrants generally move from less-developed to more-developed countries.
What effect does brain drain have on the country of origin?
Brain drain leaves the country of origin with fewer skilled workers.
are the money and goods immigrants send back to their families and communities in their country of origin.
Remittances are the money and goods immigrants send back to their families and communities in their country of origin.
Define transhumance.
Transhumance refers to the seasonal movement of humans and their livestock to access grazing areas.
Name two political impacts of migration in the origin country.
The political impacts of migration in the origin country include brain drain and reduced population pressure.
How does emigration reduce population pressure?
Emigration reduces population pressure because a lower population density creates fewer demands on government services, infrastructure, resources, and the environment.
What political effects can migration have in host countries?
Political effects in host countries include increasing debates about immigration policy and potential xenophobia.
Within a country, xenophobic sentiment can function as what type of force?
Xenophobic sentiment can function as a centrifugal force within a country.
What can the loss of skilled individuals lead to in the origin country?
The loss of skilled individuals can lead to instability and political turmoil.
Name the economic impacts of migration on countries of origin.
Economic impacts of migration on countries of origin include remittances, loss of skilled workers, and lower unemployment.
How can remittances positively influence the economy?
Remittances can positively influence the economy by increasing household incomes, allowing people to purchase more and stimulating the economy.
How can remittances damage the host country's economy?
Remittances can damage the host country's economy if it becomes overly dependent on them.
Name the economic effects of migration in host countries.
Economic effects in host countries include increased innovation, an increased tax base, and wage changes.
How can large numbers of immigrants affect wages in less skilled jobs?
In jobs requiring less skilled labor, migrant laborers may decrease the wage rate.
The loss of skilled workers can slow economic development and result in less .
The loss of skilled workers can slow economic development and result in less innovation.
Name two cultural impacts of migration.
The cultural impacts of migration include cultural diffusion and changing family structures.
Define cultural diffusion in the context of migration.
Cultural diffusion occurs as migrants bring aspects of their culture, such as food, clothing, language, and religion, which then diffuse in their host countries.
Give an example of cultural diffusion through food in the United States.
Italian, Mexican, and Chinese immigrants brought traditional foods to the United States that later became popular and spread throughout the country.
Define ethnic enclaves.
Ethnic enclaves are created when immigrants from a particular ethnic group live together in concentrated areas.
Give two examples of ethnic enclaves.
Examples of ethnic enclaves include Little Havana in Miami, Little Italy in New York, and Chinatown in San Francisco.
How might family structures change when men emigrate for work?
When men emigrate for work, it can leave substantial numbers of single-parent households led by women in the country of origin.
True or False?
Ethnic enclaves prevent cultural diffusion to the wider community.
False.
Ethnic enclaves allow for cultural diffusion to the wider community.
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