Development (College Board AP® Human Geography): Flashcards
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Define Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
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Cards in this collection (44)
Define Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
GDP is the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a given year.
Define Gross National Product (GNP).
GNP is the total value of goods and services produced by a country's citizens, both domestically and abroad.
Define GNI per capita.
GNI per capita is the GNP divided by the total population, to calculate income made per person on average.
What is the difference between the formal and informal economy?
The formal economy is taxed and regulated by the government, while the informal economy is neither taxed nor regulated.
True or False?
The informal sector makes up a significant portion of the economies of developed countries.
False.
The informal sector makes up a significant portion of the economies of developing countries.
Name two markers of social development.
Markers of social development include fertility rates, infant mortality rates, access to healthcare, and literacy rates.
What do high infant mortality rates indicate about a country?
High infant mortality rates are associated with poor infrastructure, poor healthcare, and poor sanitation.
Low fertility rates correspond with increased literacy and access to education for .
Low fertility rates correspond with increased literacy and access to education for women.
Define the Human Development Index (HDI).
The Human Development Index examines three features of a country's human development: long and healthy lives, knowledge, and standards of living.
Which three components does the Gender Inequality Index (GII) include?
The GII includes data on reproductive health, indices of empowerment, and labor market participation.
What do indices of empowerment measure?
Indices of empowerment measure the level of power held by women in society.
Define labor market participation as used in the GII.
Labor market participation measures the percentage of women participating in the labor force.
True or False?
Countries with high income and low gender inequality generally have high HDI levels.
True.
High-income, low-gender-inequality countries generally have high HDI levels.
The HDI examines long and healthy lives, knowledge, and of living.
The HDI examines long and healthy lives, knowledge, and standards of living.
In the revision note's table, which has the higher HDI: Canada or Kenya?
Canada has the higher HDI, at 0.926 compared with Kenya's 0.590.
How does economic development generally affect women's status?
Economic development usually improves women's social and economic status.
What work do women primarily do in traditional economies?
In traditional economies, women primarily work in subsistence agriculture or domestic labor.
What jobs do women take in more developed, industrial economies?
In industrial economies, women work in factory and service-sector jobs.
How does greater access to education and jobs affect fertility rates?
It leads to reduced fertility rates and increased access to reproductive healthcare and family planning.
Define wage inequality.
Wage inequality means that women earn less than men for the same work, contributing to the global gender pay gap.
Women are more likely to face a ceiling, preventing them from reaching senior positions.
Women are more likely to face a glass ceiling, preventing them from reaching senior positions.
True or False?
In developed countries, women's rising workforce participation has closed the wage and leadership gap.
False.
Developed countries see increased participation but significant lags in wage and leadership positions.
Why are women often prevented from fully participating in the formal economy in less developed countries?
They are often prevented by cultural and legal barriers, remaining in informal or unpaid labor.
Define microloans.
Microloans are small loans given to people in developing countries to start small businesses.
How do microloans support women in developing countries?
Microloans give women financial opportunities to start small businesses, increasing their economic participation.
What is a potential drawback of microloans?
A drawback is the perpetuation of debt cycles if the new business is not successful.
For long-term impact, microloans need business training, financial literacy, and .
For long-term impact, microloans need business training, financial literacy, and mentorship.
True or False?
Microloans typically involve large loans of hundreds of thousands of dollars.
False.
Microloans are small, ranging from a few dollars to a few thousand dollars.
How does women's economic activity affect their political power?
Women gain increasing access to political power the more active they are in the economy.
How many stages does Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth model have?
Rostow's model theorizes that a country must pass through five stages to develop economically.
What characterizes Stage 1 of Rostow's model?
Stage 1 is defined by traditional economic activity, relying on a primary-sector economy with little growth.
What is Rostow's Stage 3 known as?
Rostow's Stage 3 is known as takeoff, characterized by industrialization and urbanization.
Rostow's Stage 4 is the drive to .
Rostow's Stage 4 is the drive to maturity.
What characterizes Stage 5 of Rostow's model?
Stage 5 is characterized by mass consumption of high-value goods and reliance on the service sector.
True or False?
Rostow's model recognizes that the economies of countries are interdependent.
False.
Rostow's model ignores that the economies of countries are interdependent and that one country cannot develop in isolation.
Define Wallerstein's World Systems Theory.
World Systems Theory supposes that the world comprises one economic system in which all countries are dependent on one another.
Which three categories does Wallerstein's World Systems Theory use?
It categorizes countries as core, semiperiphery, and periphery.
What role do core countries play in World Systems Theory?
Core countries are the most developed; they receive cheap labor and raw materials from the periphery and export manufactured goods.
True or False?
In Wallerstein's model, semiperiphery countries act partially as both core and periphery.
True.
Semiperiphery countries are developing and act partially as both part of the core and the periphery.
What is a key limitation of Wallerstein's World Systems Theory?
It freezes most countries into their current place, giving little opportunity to advance and become part of the core.
Define Dependency Theory.
Dependency Theory states that resources flow from less developed countries to more developed countries, so LDCs remain poor while MDCs get wealthier.
Define commodity dependence.
Commodity dependence occurs when more than 60% of a country's exports are made up of commodities.
Commodity dependence makes a country's economy vulnerable to price in the global market.
Commodity dependence makes a country's economy vulnerable to price fluctuations in the global market.
According to Dependency Theory, what are LDCs dependent on MDCs for?
LDCs are dependent on MDCs for employment, infrastructure, and investment.
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