Changing Relationships within Families (AQA GCSE Sociology): Flashcards
Exam code: 8192
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True or False?
In pre-industrial society, childhood was seen as a separate stage of life.
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Cards in this collection (37)
True or False?
In pre-industrial society, childhood was seen as a separate stage of life.
False.
In pre-industrial society, childhood did not exist, as children were seen as mini-adults who worked to support their families.
Why were pre-industrial parents often indifferent towards infants?
Pre-industrial parents were often indifferent towards infants because of high death rates.
How did children's experiences differ by social class in the 19th century?
Middle-class children were often looked after by a nurse, while working-class children were expected to work in factories and mines.
According to Willmott and Young, when did childhood become officially recognised as a separate stage of life?
Childhood became officially recognised when children were legally required to attend school up to age 14 under the Education Act (1918).
Why are families becoming more child-centred?
Families are becoming more child-centred because of children's increased rights and the recognition of their views.
Why are modern parent-child relationships emotionally closer?
Modern parent-child relationships are emotionally closer because smaller family sizes mean parents can be more attentive.
What is meant by a toxic childhood?
A toxic childhood is one where children are increasingly isolated, as parents cannot control what they access through mobile phones and social media.
Define boomerang kids.
Boomerang kids are young adults who move back home to live with their parents, for example after university, a relationship breakdown or because housing is expensive.
Why are young people financially dependent on their families for longer?
Young people depend on families for longer because the school-leaving age was raised to 18, their working hours are legally limited and the minimum wage is lower for under-21s.
True or False?
Children contribute very little to their families.
False.
Many children contribute a great deal, for example through childcare, housework, family businesses or acting as young carers.
What did Young and Willmott (1957) find about families in Bethnal Green?
Young and Willmott found that the extended family flourished among working-class families and family ties were strong.
Willmott and Young (1973) found that the nuclear family had become separated from the extended family, partly because of increasing .
Willmott and Young (1973) found that the nuclear family had become separated from the extended family, partly because of increasing geographical mobility.
What did Charles et al. (2008) find about families in Swansea?
Charles et al. found that family members continue to depend on each other; for example, grandparents regularly cared for their grandchildren.
How can parents help to develop their children's reading ability?
Parents can help by providing reading material at home, making time to read with their children and letting children see them reading.
Why is parental warmth important for children's social skills?
Parental warmth is important for children's social skills because a caring parent offers a model of empathy and helping behaviours that children may copy.
True or False?
Controlling parenting is the best way to develop children's social skills.
False.
Democratic parenting fosters self-control, initiative, motivation and high self-esteem in children.
Why might some teenagers become delinquent, according to concerns about parenting?
Delinquent teenagers are likely to have been inadequately socialised into society's norms and values by their parents.
How can dual-earner families strain relationships with teenagers?
Dual-earner families can strain relationships with teenagers because, when both parents work full-time, there is less time for direct interaction with their teenage children.
Why has helicopter parenting increased?
Helicopter parenting has increased because parents face conflicting expectations, as they are encouraged to foster independence but also expected to protect and monitor their children.
Give two reasons why life expectancy has increased in the UK.
Life expectancy has increased due to NHS provision, advances in healthcare, better nutrition and improved living and working conditions.
Define ageing population.
An ageing population is one with an increasing percentage of older people and a declining percentage of children and young people.
Women who care for both younger and older generations of their family are part of the generation.
Women who care for both younger and older generations of their family are part of the sandwich generation.
Which factors affect an older person's independence and well-being?
Class, gender and ethnicity affect an older person's independence, as they are linked to savings, good health and access to care.
Define arranged marriage.
An arranged marriage is one where parents or other family members choose a suitable partner, and the individuals have the right to accept or refuse.
True or False?
An arranged marriage is the same as a forced marriage.
False.
In a forced marriage, one or both partners do not give their consent, and forced marriage is illegal in Britain.
What is still the most common family type in the UK?
The most common family type is still the nuclear family headed by a married or civil-partnered couple.
Define dual-career family.
A dual-career family is one where both parents have paid employment outside the home and each pursues an independent career.
A dual-career family is also known as a family.
A dual-career family is also known as a neo-conventional family.
Why might women in dual-career families experience role conflict?
Women may experience role conflict when the demands of their roles as parent and employee clash.
True or False?
The number of reconstituted families in England and Wales increased between 2001 and 2011.
False.
Reconstituted families decreased, partly because women are having their first baby later, so older couples are more likely to stay together.
Give two reasons why lone-parent families have increased since the 1970s.
Lone-parent families have increased because divorce is easier, women are less economically dependent on men and social attitudes have changed.
How does the New Right explain the rise in lone-parent families?
The New Right argues that moral standards are slipping, creating fatherless families that depend on welfare benefits.
Define fertility.
Fertility is the average number of children that women aged 15-44 have.
True or False?
Women in England and Wales are having children at a younger age than in 1970.
False.
Women are having children later in life; the average age of mothers at childbirth rose from 26.7 in 1970 to 30.9 in 2021.
Why is there less economic incentive to have children today than in the 19th century?
There is less economic incentive to have children today because in the 19th century parents relied on their children's income, but today children cost parents money for essentials such as food and clothing.
How has effective birth control affected fertility rates?
Birth control, such as the contraceptive pill and legal abortion, gives women more control over whether and when to become pregnant.
Give one contemporary factor that may reduce fertility rates.
Contemporary factors include childcare costs, the housing crisis, the cost of living crisis, poorly paid employment and the climate crisis.
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