How Secure was the USSR’s Control over Eastern Europe, 1948–c.1989? (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE History): Flashcards
Exam code: 0470 & 0977
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Define satellite state.
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Cards in this collection (60)
Define satellite state.
A satellite state was a country in Eastern Europe controlled by the USSR after the Second World War.
Define buffer zone.
Stalin viewed Eastern Europe as a 'buffer zone', a barrier of satellite states protecting the USSR from any Western attack.
Define Eastern Bloc.
The Eastern Bloc was the group of communist satellite states in Eastern Europe under the control of the USSR.
Who was the leader of the USSR who sought to control Eastern Europe after 1945?
The leader of the USSR who sought to control Eastern Europe was Joseph Stalin.
Roughly how many civilian and military casualties did the USSR suffer in the Second World War?
The USSR suffered around 27,000,000 civilian and military casualties in the Second World War.
Which army did Stalin keep stationed in Eastern Europe after 1945?
Stalin kept the Red Army stationed in Eastern Europe after 1945.
At which conference did Stalin promise to allow free elections in Eastern Europe?
Stalin promised to allow free elections in Eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference.
Which four countries attempted to protest against or reform Soviet control?
Hungary, East Berlin, Czechoslovakia and Poland all attempted to protest against or reform Soviet control.
Operation Barbarossa destroyed around 3,000 Soviet and cities.
Operation Barbarossa destroyed around 3,000 Soviet towns and cities.
The communist economy set Year Plans for each satellite state of the USSR.
The communist economy set Five Year Plans for each satellite state of the USSR.
True or False?
The USSR met the protests in Eastern Europe with violence and repression.
True.
The USSR met all four protest movements with violence and repression, though these methods were only effective in the short term.
True or False?
Eastern Europeans had full human rights to protest and to vote under Soviet control.
False.
Eastern Europeans had no human rights to protest or to vote under Soviet control.
Define De-Stalinisation.
De-Stalinisation was Khrushchev's process of reversing Stalin's policies, including releasing political prisoners and lifting some censorship.
Define the Prague Spring.
The Prague Spring was the period of reform released by the Czech government in April 1968 under Alexander Dubcek.
Define the Brezhnev Doctrine.
The Brezhnev Doctrine stated that communist countries should be prepared to intervene to stop any single country from reforming and damaging communism.
Who was allowed to lead a new government in Hungary in 1956?
Imre Nagy was allowed to lead a new government in Hungary in 1956.
Which alliance did Nagy announce Hungary would withdraw from on 1st November 1956?
Nagy announced that Hungary would withdraw from the Warsaw Pact on 1st November 1956.
How many Hungarians do historians estimate the Soviet invasion force killed in 1956?
Historians estimate that the Soviet invasion force killed 30,000 Hungarians.
Who was elected First Secretary of the Czech Communist Party in 1968?
Alexander Dubcek was elected First Secretary of the Czech Communist Party in 1968.
How many Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia on 28th August 1968?
500,000 Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia on 28th August 1968.
Dubcek believed in 'Socialism with a human '.
Dubcek believed in 'Socialism with a human face'.
After the invasion, the Czech Communist Party replaced Dubcek with as First Secretary.
After the invasion, the Czech Communist Party replaced Dubcek with Husak as First Secretary.
True or False?
The Brezhnev Doctrine was published in the Communist newspaper Pravda in September 1968.
True.
The Brezhnev Doctrine became public knowledge when it was published in Pravda on 26th September 1968.
True or False?
The Czech public fought violently against the Soviet troops in 1968.
False.
The Czech public did not fight the Soviet troops; they protested peacefully by standing in front of tanks and giving the soldiers flowers.
Define ultimatum.
An ultimatum is a warning that an unpleasant consequence, usually a threat of violence or war, will happen if a country does not do or stop a certain action.
Define the GDR.
The GDR (German Democratic Republic) was communist East Germany, which had low living standards, restrictions and a poor economy.
Define the Stasi.
The Stasi were the East German secret police who monitored dissent, arresting and torturing many East Germans.
Roughly how many Germans had left the GDR by 1958?
By 1958, approximately three million Germans had left the GDR.
On what date did Khrushchev issue his ultimatum to the West?
Khrushchev issued his ultimatum to the West on 27th November 1958.
How long was the time limit given in Khrushchev's ultimatum?
Khrushchev's ultimatum gave a time limit of 6 months.
On what date did the East German government begin dividing Berlin with barbed wire?
The East German government placed barbed wire between East and West Berlin on 12th August 1961.
Who was the leader of the GDR who urged Khrushchev to act quickly in 1961?
Walter Ulbricht was the leader of the GDR who urged Khrushchev to act quickly in 1961.
The Berlin Wall developed from barbed wire to a structure during the 1960s.
The Berlin Wall developed from barbed wire to a concrete structure during the 1960s.
In 1962, the failed escape attempt by Peter caused international outrage.
In 1962, the failed escape attempt by Peter Fechter caused international outrage.
How many people did the GDR kill attempting to cross the Berlin Wall between 1961 and 1989?
The GDR killed over 130 people attempting to go over, around or under the Berlin Wall between 1961 and 1989.
True or False?
Kennedy delivered his 'Ich bin ein Berliner' speech in West Berlin in June 1963.
True.
Kennedy addressed the West Berliners in his 'Ich bin ein Berliner' speech on 26th June 1963.
Define Solidarity.
Solidarity was a Polish trade union, formed in 1980, that developed into a protest movement against the Communist government.
Define martial law.
Martial law was the imposition of military control over Poland, declared by Jaruzelski on 13th December 1981 to crush Solidarity.
Who was the leader of Solidarity?
The leader of Solidarity was Lech Wałęsa.
At which shipyard did the strike that led to the creation of Solidarity take place?
The strike that led to the creation of Solidarity took place at the Lenin Gdansk Shipyard.
How many demands did Solidarity make to the Polish government?
Solidarity made 21 demands to the Polish government.
How many members did Solidarity have by September 1980?
By September 1980, Solidarity had three million members.
Who declared martial law in Poland in 1981?
General Jaruzelski declared martial law in Poland in 1981.
Solidarity produced its own newspaper called .
Solidarity produced its own newspaper called Solidarnosc.
Many people in Poland were , whereas communism believed in the abolition of religion.
Many people in Poland were Catholic, whereas communism believed in the abolition of religion.
Roughly how many Solidarity members did Jaruzelski arrest when he declared martial law?
Jaruzelski arrested around 10,000 Solidarity members when he declared martial law.
True or False?
Wałęsa authorised the use of violent protest by Solidarity.
False.
Wałęsa did not authorise the use of violent protest, which made the USSR less likely to intervene militarily.
True or False?
The USSR relied on Poland for its metallurgy.
True.
The USSR relied on Poland for its metallurgy, which is why Brezhnev could not allow Solidarity to weaken Poland.
Define perestroika.
Perestroika was Gorbachev's policy of 'restructuring', which reduced military spending and introduced more capitalist elements into the economy.
Define glasnost.
Glasnost was Gorbachev's policy of 'openness', which reduced censorship and allowed citizens to criticise the government.
Define the Velvet Revolution.
The Velvet Revolution was the movement that ended communism in Czechoslovakia in December 1989 after the government suppressed student protests.
In which month and year did Gorbachev become leader of the USSR?
Gorbachev became leader of the USSR in March 1985.
What is the English translation of the Russian word 'perestroika'?
The Russian word 'perestroika' translates as 'restructuring'.
Which event caused the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9th November 1989?
A mistake in implementing a new travel policy caused thousands of East Berliners to cross to West Berlin, bringing down the Berlin Wall.
Which country did the USSR invade in 1979 in a costly and unsuccessful war?
The USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979 in a costly and unsuccessful war.
What did US President Reagan call the USSR in his speech on 8th March 1983?
Reagan called the USSR an 'evil empire' in his speech on 8th March 1983.
In December 1987, the superpowers agreed to the Intermediate-Range Nuclear (INF) treaty.
In December 1987, the superpowers agreed to the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) treaty.
In August 1991, a group of Communist Party members called the 'Gang of ' attempted a coup against Gorbachev.
In August 1991, a group of Communist Party members called the 'Gang of Eight' attempted a coup against Gorbachev.
True or False?
Ceaușescu and his family were executed on Christmas Day 1989.
True.
Ceaușescu, the last repressive communist leader in Eastern Europe, and his family were executed on Christmas Day 1989.
True or False?
Gorbachev supported the 'Gang of Eight' coup in August 1991.
False.
Gorbachev refused the coup's demands, and the 'Gang of Eight' kept him under house arrest.
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