To What Extent was the League of Nations a Success? (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE History): Flashcards

False.

Despite Wilson creating the concept of the League, the USA would never become a member, as US politicians followed a policy of isolationism.

True.

World leaders learnt from the failure of the League of Nations when creating the United Nations in 1945.

The Assembly was the body in which each of the 42 founding members had one representative, and which met once a year.

The Secretariat was the body of the League that kept records and managed all the other League of Nations organisations.

Moral condemnation was the League Council using its influence to verbally disapprove of an action.

In 1920 the League did not include the USA, Germany and the Soviet Union.

Germany was not allowed to join because the Treaty of Versailles stated that it could not.

The two most powerful members of the League were Britain and France.

The Council met five times a year.

The Permanent Court of International Justice was based in The Hague in the Netherlands.

The Republican candidate Warren Harding campaigned aggressively against the League of Nations.

The absence of the USA weakened the League of Nations.

All members of the Assembly had to agree on actions, which made decision-making slow.

False.

It was Lloyd George who believed the League should only meet in emergencies; Wilson believed it would work like an international parliament.

True.

The Permanent Court of International Justice was well-respected but could not enforce its judgements.

International diplomacy is how countries communicate and work together, often through negotiating alliances, treaties and agreements.

The Washington Naval Agreement was signed by the USA, Britain, Italy and Japan.

The Washington Naval Agreement was the first treaty to encourage disarmament.

The Rapallo Treaty was signed by Germany and the USSR.

The Rapallo Treaty angered the Allies because Germany was making alliances without permission, and it was conducted secretly, undermining the League.

Germany became a member of the League in September 1926, following the Locarno Treaty.

The Dawes Plan was a 1924 agreement that temporarily reduced German reparations to £50 million a year and guaranteed US bank loans for German industry.

The Dawes Plan was created by Charles G. Dawes, an American banker.

The Young Plan was created by Owen Young, an American banker.

The Young Plan reduced the total reparations bill from £6.6 billion to £2 billion.

Under the Locarno Treaty, Germany accepted its western borders as stated in the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.

False.

Britain, France, Japan and Italy attended as individual countries rather than League representatives, bypassing the League.

True.

In 1929, Stresemann warned that Germany was 'dancing on a volcano', as a US depression could destroy the stability of Weimar Germany.

Collective security was the principle in Article 10 of the Covenant that an attack on one League member was an attack on all members, who could form a combined army to defend it.

A plebiscite is a vote in which the population of a contested region decides who governs it.

The Conference of Ambassadors was an organisation that oversaw the Versailles Settlement, with ambassadors from Britain, France and Japan who worked with the League to resolve disputes.

Vilna was seized by Poland in 1920.

It was a success because both Sweden and Finland accepted the League's decision that the islands should remain Finnish.

Germany won the Upper Silesia plebiscite with 60% of the votes.

Corfu was invaded in 1923 by the Italian dictator Mussolini.

Mussolini demanded that the Conference of Ambassadors should decide the outcome of the Corfu dispute.

The League ordered Greece to leave Bulgaria and pay £45,000 in compensation.

The Vilna dispute was the first time that an invaded country requested the help of the League.

The Bulgaria dispute showed the inconsistencies of the League's rulings.

False.

Poland refused to remove its troops and Vilna became part of Poland, undermining the League's power.

False.

The League did not punish Italy for invading Corfu, yet it did punish Greece for invading Bulgaria, showing its inconsistency.

Humanitarianism refers to actions that aim to improve people's lives and end world suffering.

The International Labour Organisation (ILO) was a League body that aimed to improve working conditions by collecting data and publishing advice on working practices.

The Refugees Committee returned 425,000 displaced people to their homes or their country.

The main weakness of the Refugees Committee was that it lacked the funding it needed to resolve the refugee crisis.

The Health Committee prevented a typhoid epidemic in the USSR.

The ILO restricted the working week to 48 hours.

The Slavery Commission freed 200,000 enslaved people in Sierra Leone.

The Slavery Commission reduced the death rate of Tanganyika Railway workers from 50% to 4%.

The Economic Section helped Austria (1922) and Hungary (1923) through loans.

The Health Committee introduced vaccines for malaria and killed infected mosquitoes.

The main weakness of the ILO was that it could only recommend, not make laws.

False.

The Health Committee also worked with non-League countries in its efforts to eradicate disease.

True.

The work of both the Health Committee and the Economic Section was impacted by the lack of funding in the Great Depression of the 1930s.

The Wall Street Crash was the collapse of the USA's economy between 24th and 30th October 1929, named after Wall Street where the New York Stock Exchange is based.

Militarism is the belief that a country must have strong armed forces.

The worst day of the Wall Street Crash was called 'Black Thursday', when people sold 13 million shares.

By 30th October 1929, investors had lost $4 billion.

It caused a worldwide depression because the Dawes and Young Plans had connected the US economy to European countries, and the US then recalled all of its loans.

Nearly 6 million Germans were unemployed during the Depression.

Militarism went against the League's core aim of disarmament.

Germany left the League of Nations in 1933 over Europe's refusal to disarm.

By 1938, Germany spent 20% of its GDP on rearmament.

In 1935, Hitler introduced compulsory conscription.

Extremist parties offered alternatives to government policies during the Great Depression.

False.

Rearmament created millions of jobs, reducing German unemployment from 4,800,000 in 1933 to 300,000 in 1939.

True.

France was not hit as badly as other countries, with around 5% unemployment.

The Mukden Incident was the September 1931 event in which Japanese soldiers staged an attack on the South Manchurian Railway and blamed China, using it as an excuse to invade Manchuria.

The Lytton Report was the League's investigation which said that Japan was wrong and should leave Manchuria, though the League did not use economic or military sanctions.

Manchuria was a province of China.

Japan had gained full control of Manchuria by March 1932.

Japan renamed the area Manchukuo.

Japan left the League of Nations in March 1933 after rejecting its decision.

Britain and France did not act because Japan was a permanent member that could veto actions, and they had colonies in the Far East that a war would threaten.

The World Disarmament Conference was held in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1932 to 1934.

Hitler took Germany out of the League of Nations in November 1933.

The League considered the Lytton Report in February 1933, 18 months after Japan had invaded Manchuria.

At the conference, Hitler promised not to rearm Germany if all countries destroyed their weapons within five years.

False.

The Lytton Report said Japan should leave, but the League did not use economic or military sanctions.

True.

Hitler and Mussolini now knew that the League would not stop them from achieving their aggressive foreign policy aims.

The Hoare-Laval Pact was a December 1935 secret agreement in which Britain and France agreed to give most of Abyssinia to Italy, which was dropped after a public backlash.

The Stresa Front was a 1935 agreement between Britain, France and Mussolini against Nazi Germany.

Abyssinia is now known as Ethiopia.

The border clash took place at the Wal-Wal Oasis in December 1934.

Italy invaded Abyssinia using 250,000 soldiers and chemical weapons.

In May 1936, Italy captured Addis Ababa, the capital of Abyssinia.

In 1936, Italy and Germany formed the Rome-Berlin Axis.

The League of Nations disbanded in April 1946 and gave its powers to the United Nations.

The League's economic sanctions on Italy did not include key materials like oil, iron, or steel.

Britain and France avoided firm action against Italy and did not close the Suez Canal.

False.

The sanctions did not include oil; the USA sold oil to Italy, so the League feared oil sanctions would not be supported.

True.

The League's Health Commission became the World Health Organization, one of the humanitarian successes carried into the United Nations.