Who was to Blame for the Cold War? (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE History): Flashcards
Exam code: 0470 & 0977
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Define capitalism.
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Cards in this collection (73)
Define capitalism.
Capitalism is an ideology where everyone can own property and businesses to make money.
Define communism.
Communism is an ideology where the state owns all property to ensure that everyone has a fair share.
Define a cold war.
A cold war means that there is no direct fighting between the main countries, who instead fight through economic and political actions.
Which ideology did the USA believe in?
The USA believed in capitalism.
Who was the leader of the USSR in 1941?
The leader of the USSR in 1941 was Joseph Stalin.
Who was the President of the USA in 1941?
The President of the USA in 1941 was Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Why did the USA and USSR cooperate during the Second World War?
The USA and USSR cooperated during the Second World War to defeat Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan.
Which historians argue that Stalin's actions caused the Cold War?
Orthodox historians argue that Stalin's actions caused the Cold War.
Which historians insist that the USA was to blame for the Cold War?
Revisionist historians insist that the USA was to blame for the Cold War.
The USA joined the Second World War against Germany and Japan after the bombing of in December 1941.
The USA joined the Second World War against Germany and Japan after the bombing of Pearl Harbour in December 1941.
Stalin's policies in the 1930s focused on collectivisation and rapid .
Stalin's policies in the 1930s focused on collectivisation and rapid industrialisation.
True or False?
Germany was defeated in May 1945.
True.
After the defeat of Germany in May 1945, there was no longer any reason for the USA and the USSR to work together.
Define the Grand Alliance.
The Grand Alliance, also called the 'Big Three', was the wartime union of the USA, the USSR and the UK to defeat the Axis powers.
Define the Long Telegram.
The Long Telegram was a roughly 8,000-word message sent by George Kennan from Moscow to President Truman in February 1946, assessing Soviet attitudes towards the USA.
Define the 'Iron Curtain'.
The 'Iron Curtain' refers to the impenetrable divide between capitalism in the West and Communism in the East.
Where was the Yalta Conference held?
The Yalta Conference was held in Yalta, a city in the USSR.
Where was the Potsdam Conference held?
The Potsdam Conference was held in Potsdam, a city in Germany.
Who replaced Roosevelt as US President before Potsdam?
Roosevelt was replaced as US President by Harry S. Truman.
How many reparations was Germany to pay under the Yalta agreements?
Under the Yalta agreements, Germany was to pay $20 billion in reparations.
On which two Japanese cities did the USA drop atomic bombs?
The USA dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Who sent the Novikov Telegram?
The Novikov Telegram was sent by Nikolai Novikov, the Soviet ambassador in Washington.
The two atomic bombs killed roughly Japanese civilians.
The two atomic bombs killed roughly 120,000 Japanese civilians.
In March 1946, Churchill delivered his famous speech about the threat of the USSR.
In March 1946, Churchill delivered his famous 'Iron Curtain' speech about the threat of the USSR.
True or False?
The USSR successfully tested its own atomic bomb in 1949.
True.
The USSR successfully tested an atomic bomb on 29th August 1949, having accelerated its atomic bomb project after Hiroshima.
True or False?
George Kennan was the Soviet ambassador in Washington.
False.
George Kennan was the USA's ambassador in Moscow, who sent the Long Telegram to Truman.
Define a satellite state.
A satellite state was an Eastern European country that stayed in the orbit of the USSR, relying on it and having its actions and politics influenced by it.
Define a buffer zone.
A buffer zone was the belt of Eastern European states Stalin wanted to control to act as protection between the East and the West.
Why did Stalin want to control Eastern Europe?
Stalin wanted to control Eastern Europe so that it could act as a buffer zone between the East and West.
Which states did the USSR take over in 1940?
The USSR took over the Baltic States during the Second World War.
What was the 1944 Polish attempt to overthrow their Nazi occupiers called?
The 1944 Polish attempt to overthrow their Nazi occupiers was called the Warsaw Uprising.
What share of the vote did the communists gain in Poland's 1947 elections?
The communists gained 80% of the vote in Poland's 1947 elections.
Who led the 1948 communist coup in Czechoslovakia?
The 1948 communist coup in Czechoslovakia was led by Klement Gottwald.
Which Communist politician took control of the secret police in Hungary?
Rakosi took control of the secret police in Hungary.
In Hungary, all other political parties were banned in .
In Hungary, all other political parties were banned in 1949.
The satellite states challenged Truman's policy of .
The satellite states challenged Truman's policy of containment.
True or False?
Yugoslavia and Albania were occupied by the Soviet Red Army.
False.
Yugoslavia and Albania were never occupied by the Red Army; they established their own Communist governments and were given more independence than countries neighbouring the USSR.
True or False?
Non-Communists won the 1945 election in Hungary.
True.
Non-Communists won the 1945 election in Hungary, but the Communists took control by 1947 and banned all other parties in 1949.
Define the Truman Doctrine.
The Truman Doctrine was the US policy of containment, promising money, supplies, weapons and advice to any country vulnerable to Communism.
Define containment.
Containment was the US policy of stopping the spread of Communism, which replaced the earlier policy of isolationism.
Define isolationism.
Isolationism was the pre-war US policy of refusing to get involved in other countries' affairs.
Define the Marshall Plan.
The Marshall Plan was the US programme of economic aid designed to rebuild Europe and persuade countries away from Communism.
When did Truman announce his doctrine?
Truman announced his doctrine on 12th March 1947.
How much did the USA send to Greece and Turkey under the Truman Doctrine?
The USA sent $400 million to Greece and Turkey under the Truman Doctrine.
Which US general proposed providing economic aid to Europe?
US General George Marshall proposed providing economic aid to Europe.
What name did Stalin give the Marshall Plan?
Stalin called the Marshall Plan 'dollar imperialism'.
The Marshall Plan gave away $13 billion to European countries in Western Europe.
The Marshall Plan gave away $13 billion to 16 European countries in Western Europe.
The US Congress passed the Marshall Plan after became communist in 1948.
The US Congress passed the Marshall Plan after Czechoslovakia became communist in 1948.
True or False?
The Greek government defeated the Communists by 1949.
True.
By 1949, the Greek government defeated the Communists, aided by the Truman Doctrine.
True or False?
The Marshall Plan was refused to the satellite states of Eastern Europe.
False.
The Marshall Plan was offered to the satellite states, but Truman knew Stalin would not allow them to accept the money.
Define Bizonia.
Bizonia was the merged zone that combined Britain's and the USA's territory in Germany.
Define Trizonia.
Trizonia was formed when France combined its territory with Bizonia in 1948.
Define the Berlin Airlift.
The Berlin Airlift, codenamed Operation Vittles, was the operation to fly vital supplies into West Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949.
What triggered Stalin to begin the Berlin Blockade?
Stalin began the Berlin Blockade after Trizonia introduced the Deutschmark in June 1948.
How did the USSR blockade West Berlin in June 1948?
The USSR blockaded West Berlin by closing all road, rail and canal links across Soviet-controlled Germany.
What was the codename for the Berlin Airlift?
The codename for the Berlin Airlift was Operation Vittles.
When did the USSR lift the Berlin Blockade?
The USSR lifted the Berlin Blockade on 12th May 1949.
Which military alliance did the USA create in April 1949?
The USA created NATO in April 1949.
Without support from the West, West Berlin only had enough food for days.
Without support from the West, West Berlin only had enough food for 36 days.
In May 1949, the USA formed the of Germany, or West Germany.
In May 1949, the USA formed the Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany.
True or False?
The Berlin Airlift was a massive victory for the West over the East.
True.
The Berlin Airlift was a massive victory for the West, humiliating the USSR and worsening tension between the two superpowers.
True or False?
The West chose to break the Berlin Blockade by force using land routes.
False.
The West chose to supply Berlin by air, avoiding an aggressive land action that would risk war.
Define orthodox historians.
Orthodox historians argue that Stalin's actions caused the Cold War, blaming the USSR.
Define revisionist historians.
Revisionist historians insist that the USA was to blame for the Cold War.
Which side do orthodox historians blame for the Cold War?
Orthodox historians blame the USSR for the Cold War.
Which agreement did the USSR break, according to the orthodox view?
According to the orthodox view, the USSR broke the Yalta Agreement.
Which blockade is cited as a Soviet attempt to take full control?
The Berlin Blockade is cited as a Soviet attempt to take full control.
Under which US President had US–USSR relations been strong, according to the revisionist view?
According to the revisionist view, US–USSR relations had been strong under Roosevelt.
According to the revisionist view, what was the Marshall Plan really about?
According to the revisionist view, the Marshall Plan was about gaining control of markets.
According to the revisionist view, Truman hid development from Stalin.
According to the revisionist view, Truman hid atomic bomb development from Stalin.
The orthodox view argues that the Red Army stayed in Eastern Europe and used to install communist governments.
The orthodox view argues that the Red Army stayed in Eastern Europe and used terror to install communist governments.
True or False?
There is a single, correct answer to who was to blame for the Cold War.
False.
There is no 'correct' answer; historians continue to debate the topic today, and students are assessed on making judgements using evidence.
True or False?
The revisionist view holds that containment aimed to push the USSR away.
True.
The revisionist view holds that US containment aimed to push the USSR away, blaming the USA for the Cold War.
Define a satellite state in the context of the blame debate.
A satellite state was an Eastern European country that, after Cominform, followed the USSR's orders.
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