How Effectively Did the Nazis Control Germany, 1933–45? (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE History): Flashcards

Most opposition to the Nazis was private because it was incredibly dangerous to openly oppose the regime.

True.

By July 1933 all political parties and trade unions were banned, which helped eliminate the strongest open opposition.

The Gestapo were the Nazi secret police who wore plain clothes, tapped phones, arrested and tortured suspects, and sent people to concentration camps.

The SD was the Nazi intelligence agency, created by Heinrich Himmler in 1931, that gathered information on suspected opponents of the Nazi Party.

The Concordat was an agreement signed between Hitler and the Pope in July 1933, allowing Catholics to worship freely in return for priests not interfering in politics.

The Reich Church was the unified Protestant Church led by Reich Bishop Ludwig Müller, which displayed the swastika and barred Jewish people from baptism.

The leader of the SS from 1929 was Heinrich Himmler.

The SD was placed under the charge of Reinhard Heydrich.

The first concentration camp in Nazi Germany was Dachau, which opened in 1933.

The court introduced to hear cases of treason was the People's Court.

The Reich Bishop of the Reich Church was Ludwig Müller.

The SS was created in 1925 to act as personal bodyguards to Hitler.

The Nazis removed trial by jury so that judges could decide the outcome of a case.

True.

Only around 10% of political crimes were discovered by the Gestapo, compared to 80% reported by ordinary citizens, showing the regime's reliance on denunciations.

The Volksempfänger, or People's Receiver, was one of Europe's cheapest radios, introduced in 1933 with a short range so foreign stations could not be picked up.

The Reich Chamber of Culture was a body set up in 1933 to ensure all aspects of culture and the arts aligned with Nazi beliefs.

Der Völkischer Beobachter, or The People's Observer, was the official daily newspaper of the Nazi Party, reaching 1.1 million people by 1941.

Joseph Goebbels was the Minister for People's Enlightenment and Propaganda.

The annual Nazi rallies from 1933 to 1938 were hosted in Nuremberg.

The grounds where the Nuremberg rallies took place were designed by Hitler's favourite architect, Albert Speer.

The athlete who angered Hitler by winning four gold medals was Jesse Owens.

The director who filmed Triumph of the Will was Leni Riefenstahl.

The Nazis disliked jazz music because it was associated with Black people, and many jazz artists were also of Jewish origins.

The 1934 Nuremberg rally used 152 searchlights as pillars of light, known as the Cathedral of Light.

In May 1933, students in Berlin burned around 20,000 books by anti-Nazi authors.

True.

The Nazis controlled most newspapers by 1939, compared to only 3% in 1933, and around 1,600 newspapers were closed down in 1935.

Eugenics was the science of selective breeding, which the Nazis used to encourage the 'best' Germans to reproduce and prevent those they considered 'undesirable'.

Untermenschen (sub-humans) was the Nazi term for races of Eastern Europe, such as the Slavs, whom they viewed as inferior.

The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were two laws that stripped Jewish people of German citizenship and banned them from marrying German citizens.

Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) was a nationwide attack on Jewish communities in November 1938, during which synagogues, shops and homes were destroyed.

The Nazis regarded the Aryan race as superior, describing them as blonde, blue-eyed and athletic.

The T-4 Programme killed disabled people using carbon monoxide, and historians estimate it killed 250,000 people.

The Nuremberg Laws were introduced on 15 September 1935.

At the Wannsee Conference in January 1942, the Nazis agreed upon the 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question', which began the development of extermination camps.

Homosexuals were forced to wear a pink triangle for identification in concentration camps.

After Kristallnacht, Jewish people were forced to pay a combined total of 1 billion marks to repair the damage.

From 1939, Jewish people were forcibly evicted from their homes and placed into ghettos.

False.

The Nazis considered Jewish people to be a race, not a religion, meaning no Jewish person could escape persecution whether they practised Judaism or not.

Totalitarianism is a government that has complete control over its citizens.

Fear stopped many Germans from opposing the Nazis, which supports the argument that Germany was a totalitarian state.

Many Germans actively informed on their friends and family, which supports the argument that Germany was a totalitarian state.

Propaganda made people support the Nazi Party, which supports the argument that Germany was a totalitarian state.

Many youth organisations challenged the Nazi Party's ideology, which challenges the argument that Germany was a totalitarian state.

The public spoke out against the T-4 programme, which challenges the argument that Germany was a totalitarian state.

The Nazis faced continual opposition from the Church, which challenges the argument that Germany was a totalitarian state.

Conformity refers to the way many Germans went along with the Nazi regime, which supports the argument that Germany was a totalitarian state.

The argument against a totalitarian state notes that the Nazis had to use force to maintain control.

Supporting the totalitarian argument, many Germans did not protect minority groups.

True.

Opposition existed in the army, which is used as evidence to challenge the argument that Germany was a totalitarian state.

True.

Many people agreed with the Nazis' racial policy, which is used as evidence to support the argument that Germany was a totalitarian state.