Institutional Factors Impacting Pathways to Development (DP IB Global Politics: SL): Revision Note

End all forms of poverty by 2030, including absolute and relative poverty 

As of 2025, 808 million people remain in extreme poverty

Only 1 in 5 states is on track to meet the poverty target by 2030

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

There has been an increase in the number of people facing hunger

In 2024, 673 million people - approximately 1 in 11 - faced hunger, representing a sustained increase since 2019

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

Almost three-quarters of 200 countries have met or are on track to meet the SDG infant mortality target

Maternal mortality fell by around 14% between 2015 and 2023

Vaccinations have declined significantly since the COVID-19 pandemic; cases of  tuberculosis and malaria have increased

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

The COVID-19 pandemic led to learning losses in 4 out of 5 states studied in the 2023 report

In 2023, only one in six states achieved the secondary school completion target

By 2023, 272 million children and youth remained out of school

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

If progress continues at the current rate, it will take:

• Approximately 300 years to end child marriage

• Over 280 years to remove discriminatory laws

• About 140 years for equal representation in leadership and positions of power

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Approximately 2.2 billion people still do not have access to safely managed water

Around 3.4 billion people lack access to safely managed sanitation

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

Approximately 2 billion people will rely on polluting fuels for cooking by 2030

Renewable energy provides almost 30% of electricity but there is still significant dependence on fossil fuels

Global access to electricity increased from 87% (2015) to 92% (2023)

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all

COVID-19 led to an increase in informal employment to an estimated 2 billion people

The global unemployment rate fell to a record low of 5.0% in 2024

Young women are twice as likely (32%) as young men to not be in training, education or employment

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation

In 2024, 96% of the global population could access a mobile broadband network

Due to COVID-19, manufacturing growth fell to 2.7% (2022) from 7.4% (2021)

Reduce inequality within and among countries

2% of people still live below 50% of median income

The refugee population has surged to 37.8 million

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Approximately 1.1 billion people live in squatter settlements

Access to public open spaces is less than 20%; the target is between 15% and 30%

Only 52% of the urban population has convenient access to public transport

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

The material footprint (use of raw materials) is ten times higher in high-income states than low-income states

Food waste was 931 million tonnes (2019), far above the target

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

The rate of global mean sea level rise doubled since 2002

In 2024, global temperatures temporarily exceeded the 1.5°C threshold

Human-induced climate change has reached levels that are already irreversible for centuries

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

The amount of plastic waste in the oceans is estimated to triple to over 50 million metric tons by 2040

There has been a continuous increase in acidification of oceans - 30% higher than in pre-industrial times

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification; halt and reverse land degradation; and halt biodiversity loss

Global forest coverage decreased from 31.9% (2000) to 31.2% (2020) or 0.1 billion hectares

One million species are threatened with extinction

Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

Civilian casualties among children and women quadrupled in 2023–2024 compared to the previous two-year period

Almost 122 million people were forcibly displaced in 2024, an increase of 31 million since 2021

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development

Debt in low-income countries increased significantly since Covid-19

After several years of growth, official development assistance declined by 7% in 2024

Internet access increased from 40% in 2015 to 66% in 2022

States provide emergency assistance and resources to others affected by natural disasters or humanitarian crises

Japan funds infrastructure projects in Asia and Africa to help states prepare for and respond to natural disasters

States with shared histories promote economic cooperation, trade and development amongst each other

The Commonwealth is a group of 56 states led by the UK

It promotes peace and economic development amongst its members

Wealthier states donate money to support development in less economically developed states

The states donating the most aid per capita are Luxembourg, Norway and Denmark

The USA donates the largest total value of aid globally