This question is about benzene.
Describe and explain the shape of benzene.
In your answer, include:
the bond angle between carbon atoms
the hybridisation of the carbon atoms
how orbital overlap forms σ and π bonds between the carbon atoms
Benzene can be nitrated by warming it with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid.
The mechanism for the reaction is shown in Fig. 1.1.
Fig. 1.1
i) Name the mechanism of this nitration reaction.
[1]
ii) Write an equation for the reaction between H2SO4 and HNO3 that generates the electrophile for this reaction.
[1]
Benzene can be used to synthesise (4-aminophenyl)ethanoic acid which is a drug that can be used to treat chronic inflammation of the intestines.
i) Draw the structure of (4-aminophenyl)ethanoic acid.
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ii) One of the intermediate products made during the synthesis of (4-aminophenyl)ethanoic acid is the molecule shown in Fig. 1.2.
Fig. 1.2
Give the systematic name of the molecule shown in Fig. 1.2.
[1]
Noradrenaline, shown in Fig. 1.3, is a hormone and neurotransmitter which contains a benzene ring. It is released during stress to stimulate the heart and increase blood pressure.
Fig. 1.3
Name three functional groups in the noradrenaline molecule in addition to the arene group.
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